Location-based context delivery

ABSTRACT

An enhanced 3GPP network architecture can enables a SCEF to interact with SCS/AS via APIs that provide location based context; GMLC to get the UE&#39;s location, available RATs, and congestion levels; HSS to get the UE&#39;s location, available RATs, and congestion levels; PCEF (via PCRF) to obtain the congestion level at the P-GW; RCAF (via PCRF) to obtain the user plane congestion levels at the E-UTRAN, UTRAN, and WLAN; and serving nodes (MME, SGSN, 3GPP AAA Server) to get the available RATs and congestion levels.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This Application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 62/186,018, filed Jun. 29, 2015, the disclosure ofwhich is hereby incorporated by reference as if set forth in itsentirety.

BACKGROUND

Machine to Machine (M2M) concerns technologies that allow both wirelessand wired systems to communicate with other devices. M2M is consideredan integral part of the Internet of Things (IoT) and has a wide range ofapplications such as industrial automation, logistics, Smart Grid, SmartCities, health, defense etc. mostly for monitoring but also for controlpurposes.

M2M can play an important role in Location Based Services (LBS)applications. Some M2M examples of LBS include locating assets, such asfor inventory; applying rules that depend on location, such as checkingthat a container is not opened until it is at its destination; trackingassets for billing purposes, such as for usage-based insurance; andfinding assets within a given area, such as to locate the nearest truckfor an urgent pick-up

Of particular interest is wireless asset tracking, which is aboutknowing location information (where, status of asset, change) and takingaction based on the location information (Take Action, Inform, Aid,Support). Assets can be fixed (e.g. vending system) or mobile (goods intransit).

There has been interest in location information in multiple standardsbodies such as oneM2M, OMA, and 3GPP. In the following, the perspectiveand contribution of each standard body towards the location requirementsand solutions is described.

It is intended that the oneM2M Location (LOC) Common Service Function(CSF) 102 allows Application Entities (AEs) 104 to obtain geographicallocation information of Nodes (e.g. mobile node) for LBS as indicated inoneM2M TS 0001. The LOC CSF 102 may interact with the location server inthe underlying network. The geographical location information caninclude more than simply the longitude and the latitude information.

Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) API provides “Terminal location” ApplicationProgram Interface (API) for terminal location, distance, or terminalmovements in relation to a circular geographic area (crossing in and outof circular area). More precisely, the “Terminal location” API supportsthe following operations; obtain the current terminal location; obtainthe terminal distance from a given location; obtain the distance betweentwo terminals; and manage client-specific subscriptions to periodicnotifications; Manage client-specific subscriptions to area (circle)notifications; Manage client-specific subscriptions to distancenotifications.

The Functional stage 2 description of Location Services (LCS) isincluded in TS 23.271. As indicated in clause 6 of TS 23.271, FIG. 2“shows the general arrangement of the Location Service feature in GSM,UMTS and EPS. This illustrates, generally, the relation of LCS Clientsand servers in the core network with GERAN, UTRAN and E-UTRAN AccessNetworks. The LCS entities within the Access Network communicate withthe Core Network across the A, Gb, Iu and S1 interfaces. Communicationamong the Access Network LCS entities makes use of the messaging andsignaling capabilities of the Access Network.”

As for the Gateway Mobile Location Center (GMLC) 302 and as indicated inclause 6.3.3 of TS 23.271, “the GMLC is the first node an external LCSclient accesses in a PLMN (i.e. the Le reference point is supported bythe GMLC). The GMLC may request routing information from the HomeLocation Register (HLR) via the Lh interface or HSS via the SLh/Lhinterface. Note 1 in FIG. 2 indicates that the HSS includes both 2G-HLRand 3G-HLR functionality. After performing registration authorization,it sends positioning requests to either visited Mobile Switching Center(MSC) (2G-MSC), SGSN, MSC Server or MME and receives final locationestimates from the corresponding entity via the Lg, Lgd or SLginterface.” The reference points of the GMLC are indicated in FIG. 3 (TS29.173).

The GMLC 302 provides only location estimates, as stated above. In otherwords, it does not provide any other context information such as theavailable Radio Access Technology (RAT) or the congestion level at anyof the serving nodes (e.g. MME 306).

As indicated above, the GMLC 302 sends the location request to the MME306/SGSN 308 to inquire about the UE's location. Once done, the MME306/SGSN 308 communicates with the UE 202 to check if it is stillattached and to get its current location. The specific behaviors of MME306 and SGSN 308 can be summarized as follows.

For E-UTRAN, the MME 306 checks if the UE 202 is detached or suspendedand in either such case an error response is returned. If the UE 202 isin ECM-IDLE state, the MME 306 performs a “network triggered servicerequest” as defined in TS 23.401 in order to establish a signallingconnection with the UE 202 and assign a specific eNB. Then, the MME 306sends a “Location Request” message to an Evolved Serving Mobile LocationCenter (E-SMLC). The E-SMLC 702 determines the positioning method andinstigates the particular message sequence for this method, as describedin clause 9.3a of TS 23.271. If the position method returns positionmeasurements, the E-SMLC uses them to compute a location estimate. TheE-SMLC 702 returns its location estimate to the MME 306 in a “LocationResponse” message. E-SMLC 702 in its response includes an indicationwhether the obtained location estimate satisfies the requested accuracyor not. If a location estimate could not be obtained, the E-SMLC 702returns a Location Response message containing a failure cause and nolocation estimate. Finally, the MME 306 returns the locationinformation, its age and obtained accuracy indication to the GMLC 302.

If the UE 202 is in idle mode, the SGSN 308 performs paging. The pagingprocedure is defined in TS 23.060. If no paging response is received,the SGSN 308 returns an error response to the GMLC. Otherwise, the SGSN308 sends a “Location Request” message to the RAN 604 (UTRAN/GERAN).This message includes the type of location information requested, therequested QoS and any other location information received in pagingresponse. Accordingly, the RAN 604 determines the positioning method andinstigates the particular message sequence for this method in UTRANStage 2 TS 25.305 and in GERAN Stage 2 TS 43.059. The RAN 604 returnsthe location estimate to the SGSN 308 in a “Location Report” message.RAN 604 in its response includes an indication whether the obtainedlocation estimate satisfies the requested accuracy or not. Finally, theSGSN 308 returns the location information, its age and obtained accuracyindication to the GMLC.

3GPP has recently defined a framework to better expose underlying 3GPPnetwork capabilities to application/service providers, TS 23.682. Inorder to achieve this, 3GGP has defined a new function called a ServiceCapability Exposure Function (SCEF 404). This function provides a meansto securely expose the services and capabilities provided by 3GPPnetworks. The SCEF 404 provides a means for the discovery of the exposedservice capabilities. The SCEF 404 provides access to networkcapabilities through homogenous network application programminginterfaces (e.g. Network API) defined by OMA, GSMA, and possibly otherstandardization bodies. The SCEF 404 abstracts the services from theunderlying 3GPP network interfaces and protocols.

FIG. 4 is copied from TS 23.682. It shows a diagram of the SCEF'srelationship with the applications and EPC. Although not shown in thefigure, the GMLC 302 may be one of the Network Entities that can connectto the SCEF 404.

The number of Machine Type Communication (MTC) devices may be severalorders of magnitude greater than “traditional” devices. Many (but notall) MTC devices will be relatively stationary and/or generate lowvolumes of traffic. However, these UEs will still be expected togenerate the same volume of control signaling as a non-MTC UE 202. Ahigher volume of signaling due to an increase in the number of UEs maycause overload, independent of whether the UE 202 is used for MTC ornot. Such overload can happen at the P-GW/GGSN, serving nodes (MME306/SGSN 308), or the radio access network (RAN). Hence genericfunctionality for overload and congestion control is required, asillustrated in TS 23.401 and TS 23.06.

The P-GW/GGSN can detect congestion on a per Access Point Name (APN)basis and reject Packet Data Protocol (PDP) context activation requestsbased on either:

1. The maximum number of active PDP contexts per APN

2. The maximum rate of PDP context activations per APN

When the P-GW/GGSN rejects a PDP context activation request, theP-GW/GGSN may provide a back-off time for a specific APN to the MME306/SGSN 308. The MME 306/SGSN 308 may try a different P-GW/GGSN beforesending the rejection to the UE 202.

The MME 306 (SGSN 308) restricts the load that its eNodeBs (BSC/RNC) aregenerating on it, if it is configured to enable the overloadrestriction. Particularly, the MME 306 (SGSN 308) can request the eNodeB(BSC/RNC) to restrict the load from certain categories of MTC devices.In response, the eNodeB (RNC) may reject RRC connection requests andindicate to the UE 202 a back-off timer value to limit further RRCconnection requests. The UE 202 can provide a low access priorityindication to the MME 306/SGSN 308 via NAS signaling. This will allowthe MME 306/SGSN 308 to command the UE 202 to move to a state where itdoes not need to generate further signaling messages and/or does notreselect the PLMN.

As indicated in clause 4.4.12 of TS 23.401 (and clause 5.4.11 of TS23.060 for UTRAN), the RAN Congestion Awareness Function (RCAF 504)collects information related to user plane congestion from the RAN's OAMsystem based on which the RCAF 504 determines the congestion level (andthe identifier) of an eNB or E-UTRAN (UTRAN) cell. The RCAF 504 isincluded in the Policy and Charging Control (PCC) Architecture, as shownin FIG. 5 (copied from TS 23.203). Also, the RCAF 504 is assumed toserve a geographical area, as indicated in clause 6.1.15.3 of TS 23.203.

Via the Nq/Nq′ interface, the RCAF 504 determines the UEs served by acongested eNB or congested E-UTRAN cell and retrieves the APNs of theactive PDN connections of those UEs. A recent Rel-13 work item juststarted to define the application protocol over the Nq reference point(Nq-AP), and its results will be included in TS 29.405 Nq and Nq′Application Protocol (Nq-AP); Stage 3. Via the Np reference point, theRCAF 504 sends the RAN User Plane Congestion Information (RUCI) to thePCRFs serving the UEs' PDN connections. A recent Rel-13 TS 29.217“Policy and Charging Control: Congestion Reporting over Np ReferencePoint” describes the Np messages and Diameter AVPs.

SUMMARY

The UE's location-based context can include its location, velocity,available RATs, and the congestion levels at these RATs. Other metricscan be included as well.

An enhanced 3GPP network architecture can enable an SCEF to interactwith SCS/AS via APIs that provide location based context; GMLC to getthe UE's location, available RATs, and congestion levels; HSS to get theUE's location, available RATs, and congestion levels; PCEF (via PCRF) toobtain the congestion level at the P-GW; RCAF (via PCRF) to obtain theuser plane congestion levels at the E-UTRAN, UTRAN, and WLAN; andserving nodes (MME, SGSN, 3GPP AAA Server) to get the available RATs andcongestion levels.

In a GMLC-based location context delivery procedure, the GMLC interactswith the serving nodes (MME /SGSN /AAA Server) to inquire about the UE'scontext including the congestion level at the serving nodes and theavailable RATs to the UE.

In an HSS-based location context delivery procedure, the HSS interactsdirectly with the serving nodes, to inquire about the UE's locationcontext.

In an SCEF-based location context delivery procedure, the SCEF interactsdirectly with the serving nodes, to inquire about the UE's locationcontext. In doing so, the SCEF can communicate directly with the servingnodes, namely, MME, SGSN, and 3GPP AAA Server, over the T5a′, T5b′, andT5w′, respectively.

In a PCRF-based location context delivery procedure, the PCRF gets thecongestion levels at the P-GW and RAN user plane from the PCEF and RCAF,respectively. Furthermore, PCRF gets the user location and RAT-Type fromthe PCEF during the IP-CAN Session Establishment and Modificationprocedures.

In an SCEF-initiated location context request procedure, the UE'slocation context requests are executed as a part of another procedure(e.g. group communication to UEs of specific location) and used todetermine how the other procedure will be executed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram that illustrates oneM2M CSE and CSFs.

FIG. 2 is a diagram that illustrates a general arrangement of LCS.

FIG. 3 is a diagram that illustrates an overview of the LCS FunctionalArchitecture.

FIG. 4 is a diagram that illustrates a 3GPP SCEF Architecture.

FIG. 5 is a diagram that illustrates an overall PCC logicalarchitecture.

FIG. 6 is a diagram that illustrates a Network Architecture with newreference points.

FIG. 7 is a diagram that illustrates a GMLC-based location contextdelivery procedure.

FIG. 8 is a diagram that illustrates an HSS-based location contextdelivery procedure.

FIG. 9 is a diagram that illustrates an SCEF-anchored Location ContextDelivery Procedure.

FIG. 10 is a diagram that illustrates a PCRF-based location contextdelivery procedure.

FIG. 11 is a diagram that illustrates an SCEF-initiated location contextrequest for group communication.

FIGS. 12-13 are diagrams of exemplary Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs).

FIG. 14A is a diagram of a M2M/IoT/WoT communication system thatincludes a communication network.

FIG. 14B is a diagram of an illustrated M2M service layer in the fielddomain that provides services for the M2M application, M2M gatewaydevices, and M2M terminal devices and the communication network.

FIG. 14C is a diagram of an example end node such as an UE or other endnode device.

FIG. 14D is a block diagram of a computer system or server that may beused to implement any of the network nodes described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

Important terms and acronyms used throughout this disclosure.

-   AAA Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting-   AE Application Entity-   AESE Architecture Enhancements for Service Capability Exposure-   APN Access Point Name-   API Application Program Interface-   AS Application Server-   AVP Attribute-Value Pairs-   BM-SC Broadcast Multicast Service Center-   BSC Base Station Controller-   CBS Cell Broadcast Service-   CCA Credit-Control-Answer-   CCR Credit-Control-Request-   CSF Common Service Function-   DNS Domain Name System-   GERAN GSM EDGE Radio Access Network-   GMLC Gateway Mobile Location Center-   GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node-   GSM Global System for Mobile Communications-   GSMA GSM Association-   E-SMLC Evolved Serving Mobile Location Center-   E-UTRAN Enhanced UTRAN-   EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution-   ELP EPC LCS Protocol-   EPC Evolved Packet Core-   EPS Evolved Packet System-   HLR Home Location Register-   HSS Home Subscriber Server-   I-WLAN Interworking WLAN-   IW-MT-LR Mobile Terminated Location Request for an I-WLAN-   IE Information Element-   IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity-   LBS Location Based Services-   LCS Location Services-   LOC Location-   LTE Long Term Evolution-   MBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service-   MCN Mobile Core Network-   MLP Mobile Location Protocol-   MME Mobility Management Entity-   MSC Mobile Switching Center-   MT-LR Mobile Terminated Location Request-   MTC Machine Type Communication-   NAS Non Access Stratum-   NRR Non-Aggregated-RUCI-Report-Request-   OAM Operations, administration and management-   OMA Open Mobile Alliance-   OSA-API Open Service Access Application Programming Interface-   P-GW Packet Data Network Gateway-   PCC Policy and Charging Control-   PDN Packet Data Network-   PDP Packet Data protocol-   PLMN Public Land Mobile Network-   PLA Provide-Location-Answer-   PLR Provide-Location-Request-   PPR Push-Profile-Request-   RAN Radio Access Network-   RAT Radio Access Technology-   RCAF RAN Congestion Awareness Function-   RNC Radio Network Controller-   RRC Radio Resource Control-   RUCI RAN User Plane Congestion Information-   SMS Short Message Service-   SCS Service Capability Server-   SCEF Service Capability Exposure Function-   SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node-   S-GW Serving Gateway-   TGMI Temporary Mobile Group Identity-   TWAN Trusted WLAN Access Network-   UDP User Datagram Protocol-   UE User Equipment-   UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System-   UTRAN Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network-   WLAN Wireless Local Area Network

An M2M Server queries the Mobile Core Network (MCN) to learn thegeographical position of a UE 202. The M2M Server would like to knowmore about the UE's geographical context. For example, what networks areaccessible to the UE 202 in its present location (UMTS, LTE, Wi-Fi,etc.)? How useful could the networks be to the UE 202 (i.e. congestionlevels)?

Once the M2M Server is aware of the UE's geographical context, it candirect the UE 202 to use the resources that are available to it. Forexample, it may steer the UE 202 towards certain networks or services.The M2M Server may also know that it is time to activate some service inthe UE 202. For example, the availability of new Wi-Fi network may causethe M2M Server to tell the UE 202 to perform service discovery. Finally,the UE's context can be beneficial to other types of Application Servers(AS) as well. For example, the AS can adapt a particular applicationdata rate (e.g. video streaming with adaptive bit rates) to match thedata rate of a particular RAT (among the available ones).

Location based context can sometimes be required by the SCEF 404 to moreefficiently execute procedures that are not specifically locationrelated. For example, an SCS may wish to distribute a large message to agroup of 100 UE's (regardless of the UEs' location). However, the SCEF404 may wish to learn information about the UEs' location based contextso that it can more intelligently select a delivery method for the groupmessage.

As indicated in oneM2M TS 0001, “geographical location information caninclude more than simply the longitude and the latitude information.”However, current location tracking API's do not provide anylocation-based context. For example, the OMA “Terminal Location”provides only location and distance metrics, with no consideration ofany additional context information.

The UE's context may include available RATs in a particular geographicalarea such as 3GPP (LTE, UMTS) or non-3GPP (Wi-Fi); RAT connectivityattributes (e.g. congestion level, reliability, security, . . . etc.);charging tariffs of each available RAT

The following problems are discussed below:

-   -   How to expose a location-based context API to the SCS/AS 602        (e.g. M2M Server)?    -   How to enable the SCEF 404 to interact with different core        network entities to inquire about the location-based context?        -   For congestion reporting, how to enable communication            (protocols and needed information elements) between the SCEF            404 and MME 306, SGSN 308, 3GPP AAA Server 312, PCEF 502,            and RCAF 504?        -   For RAT availability reporting, how to enable communication            (protocols/IEs) between the SCEF 404 and potential serving            nodes (MME 306, SGSN 308, 3GPP AAA Server 312)?        -   For location reporting, how to enable communication between            the SCEF 404 from one side and GMLC, HSS 304, and PCRF 402            from the other side?    -   How to convey the location-based context, consolidated by the        SCEF 404, to the SCS/AS 602?

How can SCEF 404 implicitly initiate location context request toefficiently execute procedures.

The details of location-based context delivery procedures are described.First, the network architecture showing the SCEF 404 and itsinteractions with HSS 304, GMLC, PCRF 402, MME 306, SGSN 308, and AAAServer 312. A GMLC-based location context delivery procedure isdescribed, in which the GMLC 302 interacts with the serving nodes (MME306/SGSN 308/AAA Server 312) to inquire about the UE's location relatedcontext including the congestion level at the serving nodes. AnHSS-based location context delivery procedure is described in which theHSS 304 interacts with the serving nodes. Alternately, the SCEF 404 candirectly interact with the serving nodes to inquire about the UE'slocation and congestion levels. The SCEF 404 can interact with the PCEF502 and RCAF 504 to inquire about the congestion. The location-basedcontext delivery procedures in other mechanisms such as groupcommunication are also described.

The network architecture that enables the SCEF 404 and SCS/AS 602 toextract location related context from the EPC is presented. FIG. 6 showsthe SCEF as the interface between the SCS/AS and the 3GPP core networks.The SCEF exposes API(s) to the SCS/AS 602. These APIs enable the SCS/AS602 to access some of the 3GPP network's services. The SCEF 404interacts with the HSS 304 over the Sh reference point regardingsubscriber information. In addition, the SCEF 404 interacts with theGMLC 302 over the Le reference point to inquire about the UE's location.Furthermore, the SCEF 404 communicates with the PCRF 402 over the Rxreference point to be able to get congestion information from the RCAF(over the Np reference point) and P-GW/PCEF 502 (over the Gx referencepoint).

The SCEF 404 can communicate directly with the serving nodes, namely,MME 306, SGSN 308, and 3GPP AAA Server 312, over the T5a′, T5b′, andT5w′, respectively.

Aside from the SCEF 404, FIG. 6 depicts that the HSS 304 interacts withthe serving nodes MME 306, SGSN 308, and 3GPP AAA Server 312 over theS6a, S6d, and Swx, respectively. Similarly, the GMLC 302 interacts withthe same serving nodes over SLg, Lgd, and La reference points.Furthermore, each of the serving nodes is connected to its RAN node 604(EUTRAN/UTRAN/GERAN/WLAN) and communicating over the respective lu, S1,and STa reference points. Finally, each RAN node 604 is connectedwirelessly with the UE 202 via the associated RAT.

It is understood that the functionality illustrated in FIG. 6, may beimplemented in the form of software (i.e., computer-executableinstructions) stored in a memory of, and executing on a processor of, awireless device or other apparatus (e.g., a server, gateway, device, orother computer system), such as one of those illustrated in FIG. 14C or14D described below. It is also understood that the functionalityillustrated in FIG. 6 may implemented as a set of virtualized networkfunctions. The network functions may not necessarily communicatedirectly, rather, they may communicate via forwarding or routingfunction.

GMLC-Based Location Context Delivery Procedure

This section describes a solution that provides location context of aparticular UE 202 to the SCS/AS 602. The solution utilizes the GMLC 302to report the location of the UE 202, using the RAT that can be accessedby the UE 202. In doing so, the GMLC 302 will be able to tell the SCEF404 what RATs are available to the UE 202. Furthermore, the congestionlevel at the serving nodes (e.g. MME 306, SGSN 308, 3GPP AAA Server 312)will be reported to the GMLC. All of this information will be reportedto the SCEF 404.

In step 1 of FIG. 7, the SCS/AS 602 starts inquiring about the locationof a given UE 202 by sending a “Location Context Request” (ExternalIdentifier, SCS Identifier) API to the SCEF 404. The SCS/AS 602 maydetermine the IP address(es)/port(s) of the SCEF 404 by performing a DNSquery using the External Identifier or using a locally configured SCEFidentifier. The ‘External Identifier’ of a UE 202 is defined accordingto TS 23.682 “Architecture Enhancements to facilitate communicationswith Packet Data Networks and Applications”. Furthermore, it may bepossible to use MSISDN as SCS identifier, as indicated in TS 23.682.

A new API “Location Context Request” can inquire about the context of aparticular UE 202, including location, velocity, congestion levels atserving nodes, and available RATs.

In step 2 of FIG. 7, the SCEF 404 checks to see if the SCS/AS 602 isauthorized to get the location context of the UE 202 in consideration.If so, the flow moves to step 3. Otherwise, the flow stops and the SCEF404 reports the rejection and its cause to the SCS/AS 602.

In step 3 of FIG. 7, once the request is authorized, the SCEF 404 sends“Subscriber Information Request” (External Identifier, SCS Identifier)to the HSS 304, over the Sh reference point, to obtain the GMLC numberthat is associated with the UE 202 and to obtain the identities of theUE's serving nodes.

In step 4 of FIG. 7, the HSS 304 replies by sending “SubscriberInformation Response” (IMSI or External Identifier, GMLC number, Servingnodes) message to the SCEF 404. The HSS 304 resolves the ExternalIdentifier to IMSI and retrieves the related HSS 304 stored routinginformation including the identities of the UE's serving CN node(s) (MME306, SGSN 308, 3GPP AAA Server 312 or MSC 310). The GMLC number is theE.164 address of the GMLC 302, identified in TS 23.008 “Organization ofsubscriber data” (clause 2.4.9.2). The GMLC number(s) identify theGMLC(s) for the particular UE 202 from which a location request for thisUE 202 may be done. The HSS 304 may send the IMSI to the SCEF 404 ornot.

In step 5 of FIG. 7, once the SCEF 404 receives the GMLC number, itidentifies a particular GMLC that is specified by the GMLC number. Then,it sends “LCS Service Request” (IMSI or External Identifier) message tothe GMLC 302 over the Le reference point. This message will be extendedversion of the existing one, which is defined in the OMA Mobile LocationProtocol (MLP) and Open Service Access Application Programming Interface(OSA-API), TS 29.198. The extended message will include additionalinformation elements (e.g. RAT-Requested, Congestion-Requested) toindicate the need for the location context of that UE 202, includingavailable RATs and congestion levels. The target UE 202 will beidentified via IMSI, External ID, or MSISDN.

Optionally, the SCEF 404 may provide the serving node addresses, whichwere obtained in step 4, to the GMLC 302 in the “LCS Service Request.”

In step 6 of FIG. 7, consequently, the GMLC 302 contacts the HSS 304 toretrieve the serving nodes for the UE 202 specified by its IMSI. Inparticular, the GMLC 302 sends “LCS-Routing-Info-Request (RIR)” (IMSI)message to the HSS 304, over the SLh reference point, indicating theUE's IMSI. Table 5.2.1.1/1 of TS 29.173 presents the IEs of the RIRmessage.

Step 6 and step 7 of FIG. 7 may be skipped if the SCEF 404 provided theserving node addresses to the GMLC 302 in the “LCS Service Request.”

In step 7 of FIG. 7, in response, the HSS 304 sends the“LCS-Routing-Info-Answer (RIA)” message (Serving nodes) to the GMLC 302over the SLh reference point. As described in Table 5.2.1.1/2 of TS29.173 “Diameter-based SLh interface for Control Plane LCS.”, the HSS304 will convey the ‘Serving Node’ and ‘Additional Serving Node(s)’ IEsto the GMLC 302 informing it about all serving nodes (MME 306, SGSN 308,3GPP AAA Server 312 or MSC 310).

In step 8 of FIG. 7, as the GMLC 302 acquires the addresses of theserving nodes (MME 306/SGSN 308/3GPP AAA Server), it starts contactingthem to check if the UE 202 can be accessed via that serving node. Firstand for the 3GPP access, the GMLC 302 contacts the MME 306/SGSN 308serving node. More precisely, it sends “Provide-Location-Request (PLR)”(External ID or IMSI, Location-Type=current location,Velocity-Requested, Congestion-Level-Requested) message to the MME306/SGSN 308, over the SLg/Lg reference point. In its request, itindicates its desire to obtain the current location and velocity of theparticular UE 202 (identified by its External ID or IMSI). The completeIEs of the standard PLR message are shown in Table 6.2.2-1 of TS 29.172“Location Services (LCS); Evolved Packet Core (EPC) LCS Protocol (ELP)between the Gateway Mobile Location Centre (GMLC) and the MobileManagement Entity (MME); SLg interface”.

A ‘Congestion-Level-Requested’ IE can be included in the PLR message toindicate the GMLC 302's desire to know the congestion levels at the MME306/SGSN 308.

In step 9 of FIG. 7, in response, the MME 306/SGSN 308 communicates withthe UE 202 to check if it is still attached and to get its currentlocation. The specific behaviors of MME 306 and SGSN 308 were explainedabove.

In step 10 of FIG. 7, the MME 306 and SGSN 308 can include an indicationof their congestion level in their response to the GMLC 302.

In step 11 of FIG. 7, once the MME 306/SGSN 308 has an estimate of theUE's location information along with its congestion levels, it sends“Provide-Location-Answer (PLA)” (Location-Estimate, Velocity-Estimate,E-UTRAN-Positioning-Data, UTRAN-Positioning-Data,GERAN-Positioning-Data, MME 306-Congestion-Level, SGSN-Congestion-Level)message to the GMLC 302. The ‘Location-Estimate’ and ‘Velocity-Estimate’IEs provide the calculated estimates of the UE's location and velocity.Furthermore, the ‘E-UTRAN-Positioning-Data’ IE provides the obtainedlocation estimate of the UE 202, which is attached to the E-UTRAN accessand is sent by the MME 306 or the combined MME 306/SGSN 308. This IEwill not contain valid location information, when the UE 202 is notattached to MME 306. Therefore, the ‘E-UTRAN-Positioning-Data’ IE can beused to know if E-UTRAN RAT is available to the UE 202 or not.Similarly, the ‘UTRAN-Positioning-Data’ and ‘GERAN-Positioning-Data’ IEsrepresent the individual location estimates, received over the UTRAN andGERAN RATs, respectively. The complete IEs of the PLA message areindicated in Table 6.2.2-2 of TS 29.172.

The ‘E-UTRAN-Positioning-Data’, ‘UTRAN-Positioning-Data’, and‘GERAN-Positioning-Data’ IEs can be used to know if the UE 202 hasaccess to E-UTRAN, UTRAN, and/or GERAN RATs, respectively. Furthermore,new ‘MME-Congestion-Level’ and ‘SGSN-Congestion-Level’ IEs can beincluded in the “PLA” message, which will include the congestion levelsat the MME 306 and SGSN 308, as calculated in step 10. The‘MME-Congestion-Level’ and ‘SGSN-Congestion-Level’ IEs may be a numeric(i.e. integer) value that is used to indicate a relative congestionlevel or they may be an alpha-numeric text string that indicates therelative congestion level (i.e. low, medium, high).

In step 12 of FIG. 7, the GMLC 302 queries the 3GPP AAA Server 312 toobtain the address of WLAN UE 202 by sending the “UE Routing InfoInquiry” (IMSI or External Identifier, Congestion-Level-Requested)message over the La reference point. The GMLC 302 knows the address ofthe 3GPP AAA Server 312 from step 7.

The ‘Congestion-Level-Requested’ IE can be included in the “UE RoutingInfo Inquiry” message to inquire about the congestion level at the 3GPPAAA Server 312.

In step 13 of FIG. 7, the 3GPP AAA Server 312 estimates its congestionlevel by considering the number of UEs, which are connected through itto the core network.

In step 14 of FIG. 7, the 3GPP AAA Server 312 sends the “UE Routing InfoInquiry Ack” (WLAN-Positioning-Data, UE-Reachable, AAA-Congestion-Level)message to the GMLC 302 over the La reference point. The‘WLAN-Positioning-Data’ IE includes the available location informationof the UE 202. If there is no tunnel available between the P-GW and theUE 202, the AAA will return an indication that UE 202 is not reachable,i.e., ‘UE-Reachable=false’.

The ‘AAA-Congestion-Level’ IE can be included in the “UE Routing InfoInquiry Ack” message to include the congestion level at the 3GPP AAAServer 312. The ‘AAA-Congestion-Level’ IE may be a numeric (i.e.integer) value that is used to indicate a relative congestion level orthey may be an alpha-numeric text string that indicates the relativecongestion level (i.e. low, medium, high).

In step 15 of FIG. 7, based on all the received location estimates fromthe MME 306, SGSN 308, and 3GPP AAA Server 312, the GMLC 302 will derivethe best estimate of the UE's location and velocity. Furthermore, itwill be able to identify the available RATs to the UE 202. For example,if the ‘E-UTRAN-Positioning-Data’ was received from the MME 306, thismeans that the UE 202 can access the E-UTRAN RAT. Similarly, the GMLC302 will be able to decide the availability of the UTRAN/GERAN and WLANRATs depending on the corresponding received information from the SGSN308 and 3GPP AAA Server 312, respectively. Finally, the GMLC 302 willconcatenate all the received congestion levels from the MME 306, SGSN308, and 3GPP AAA Server 312.

In step 16 of FIG. 7, the GMLC 302 sends the “LCS Service Response”(Location, Velocity, Available-RATs, Congestion-Levels) message to theSCEF 404 over the Le reference point.

New IEs ‘Available-RATs’ and ‘Congestion-Levels’ are added to the “LCSService Response” to convey the UE's complete location context.

In step 17 of FIG. 7, the SCEF 404 sends a “Location Context Response”(Location, Velocity, Available-RATs, Congestion-Levels) API carrying theUE's context information, received from the GMLC 302 in step 16.

It is understood that the entities performing the steps illustrated inFIG. 7 may be logical entities that may be implemented in the form ofsoftware (i.e., computer-executable instructions) stored in a memory of,and executing on a processor of, an apparatus configured for wirelessand/or network communications or a computer system such as thoseillustrated in FIG. 14C or FIG. 14D. That is, the method(s) illustratedin FIG. 7 may be implemented in the form of software (i.e.,computer-executable instructions) stored in a memory of an apparatus,such as the apparatus or computer system illustrated in FIG. 14C or FIG.14D, which computer executable instructions, when executed by aprocessor of the apparatus, perform the steps illustrated in FIG. 7. Itis also understood that the functionality illustrated in FIG. 7 mayimplemented as a set of virtualized network functions. The networkfunctions may not necessarily communicate directly, rather, they maycommunicate via forwarding or routing function. It is also understoodthat any transmitting and receiving steps illustrated in FIG. 7 may beperformed by communication circuitry of the apparatus under control ofthe processor of the apparatus and the computer-executable instructions(e.g., software) that it executes.

In this section, a location context delivery procedure uses the HSS 304to interrogates the serving nodes. Unlike the solution above, thissolution does not utilize the GMLC 302.

The call flow in FIG. 8 can be described as follows.

Steps 1-2 of FIG. 8 are similar to steps 1-2 in FIG. 7.

In step 3 of FIG. 8, once the SCEF 404 authorizes the SCS's contextrequest, it interrogates the HSS 304 about the UE's context via a “LCSService Request” (External Identifier) message.

The SCEF 404 can send a new “LCS Service Request” (External Identifier)message to the HSS 304 over the Sh reference point.

In step 4 of FIG. 8, the HSS 304 maps the UE's ‘External Identifier’ toits IMSI. Furthermore, it retrieves the addresses of all the servingnodes (e.g. MME 306, SGSN 308, 3GPP AAA Server 312) that have beenrecorded in the user's profile. If an address of the MME 306/SGSN 308 isrecorded, it communicates with the MME 306/SGSN 308 to inquire about theUE's location.

The HSS 304 can send a new “User Location Request” (IMSI,Congestion-Level-Requested) message to the MME 306/SGSN 308 over theS6a/S6d reference point. The ‘Congestion-Level-Requested’ AVP indicatethe HSS 304's desire to know the congestion level at the MME 306/SGSN308 serving nodes.

In steps 5-6 of FIG. 8, the MME 306/SGSN 308 performs standardpositioning procedures and estimates the congestion level at the MME306/SGSN 308, similar to steps 9 and 10 of FIG. 7.

In step 7 of FIG. 8, the MME 306/SGSN 308 stores the user locationinformation in the ‘EPS-Location-Information’ AVP, which includes the‘MME 306-Location-Information’ and ‘SGSN-Location-Information’, asindicated in TS 29. 272 “Mobility Management Entity (MME) and ServingGPRS Support Node (SGSN) related interfaces based on Diameter protocol,(Release 12), V12.6.0 September 2014.” Each of these AVPs will include‘Geographical-Information’ AVP (clause 7.3.123 of TS 29. 272), whichcontains the geographical Information of the user.

The MME 306/SGSN 308 can send a new “User Location Response”(EPS-Location-Information, MME-Congestion-Level, SGSN-Congestion-Level)message to the HSS 304 over the S6a/S6d reference point. Via receivingone of more ‘Geographical-Information’ from the MME 306, the HSS 304will be able to know the currently available RAT(s) (E-UTRAN, UTRAN).Furthermore, the new ‘MME-Congestion-Level’ and ‘SGSN-Congestion-Level’AVPs can be used, which will include the congestion levels at the MME306 and SGSN 308, as calculated in step 6 above.

In step 8 of FIG. 8, If the HSS 304 has an address for the 3GPP AAAServer 312, it means that the UE 202 has an ongoing WLAN connection.

In order for the HSS 304 to inquire about the UE's location, the HSS 304can send a modified “User-Profile-Update-Request” (IMSI,Access-Network-Info-Request, Congestion-Request) message to the 3GPP AAAServer 312 over the SWx reference point. The ‘Congestion-Request’indicates the HSS's desire to be informed about the congestion level atthe 3GPP AAA Server 312. The ‘Access-Network-Info-Request’ AVP indicatesthat the HSS 304 requests the 3GPP AAA Server 312 the identity andlocation information of the access network where the UE 202 is currentlyattached (clause 8.2.3.17 of TS 29.273).

In step 9 of FIG. 8, in response, the 3GPP AAA Server 312 estimates itscongestion level, similar to step 13 of FIG. 7.

In step 10 of FIG. 8, the 3GPP Server reports its congestion level alongwith the UE's location to the HSS 304.

The 3GPP AAA Server 312 sends a modified “User-Profile-Update-Response”(Access-Network-Info, AAA-Congestion-Level) message to the HSS 304 overthe SWx reference point. The ‘Access-Network-Info’ AVP contains theidentity and location information of the access network where the UE 202is attached (clause 5.2.3.24 TS 29.273). The new ‘AAA-Congestion-Level’AVP provides the congestion level at the access network, where the UE202 is attached.

In step 11 of FIG. 8, the HSS 304 can send a new LCS Service Response(EPS-Location-Information, Access-Network-Info, Congestion-Levels)message to the SCEF 404 over the Sh reference point. This messagecarries all the location and congestion AVPs received previously fromthe MME 306/SGSN 308 and 3GPP AAA Server 312 in steps 7 and 10,respectively.

In step 12 of FIG. 8, the SCEF 404 can derive the ‘Available RATs’ AVPbased on the location information received from the HSS 304. An E-UTRAN,UTRAN, or WLAN is available if ‘MME-Location-Information’,‘SGSN-Location-Information’, or ‘Access-Network-Info’ contain validlocation information. Finally, the SCEF 404 sends “Location ContextResponse API (Location, Available-RATs, Congestion-Levels)” message tothe SCS/AS 602 carrying the required location context.

It is understood that the entities performing the steps illustrated inFIG. 8 may be logical entities that may be implemented in the form ofsoftware (i.e., computer-executable instructions) stored in a memory of,and executing on a processor of, an apparatus configured for wirelessand/or network communications or a computer system such as thoseillustrated in FIG. 14C or FIG. 14D. That is, the method(s) illustratedin FIG. ______ may be implemented in the form of software (i.e.,computer-executable instructions) stored in a memory of an apparatus,such as the apparatus or computer system illustrated in FIG. 14C or FIG.14D, which computer executable instructions, when executed by aprocessor of the apparatus, perform the steps illustrated in FIG. 8. Itis also understood that the functionality illustrated in FIG. 8 mayimplemented as a set of virtualized network functions. The networkfunctions may not necessarily communicate directly, rather, they maycommunicate via forwarding or routing function. It is also understoodthat any transmitting and receiving steps illustrated in FIG. 8 may beperformed by communication circuitry of the apparatus under control ofthe processor of the apparatus and the computer-executable instructions(e.g., software) that it executes.

SCEF-Anchored Location Context Delivery Procedure

An alternative approach to the location procedure can be anchored at theSCEF 404 instead of the HSS 304. More precisely, the SCEF 404 caninterrogate the HSS 304 to obtain the addresses of the serving nodes.Then, it can contact the serving nodes (MME 306/SGSN 308/AAA Server312), similar to what the HSS 304 has done above. The call flow in FIG.9 can be explained as flows.

Steps 1-2 of FIG. 9 are similar to steps 1-2 of FIG. 8.

Steps 3-4 of FIG. 9 are similar to steps 3-4 of FIG. 7. In step 4, theSCEF 404 gets the addresses of the UE's serving nodes (MME 306, SGSN308, 3GPP AAA Server 312) from the HSS 304.

In step 4 of FIG. 9, the SCEF 404 inquires about the UE's context fromthe MME 306/SGSN 308 directly. More precisely, the SCEF 404 can send anew “User Location Request” (IMSI or External Identifier,Congestion-Level-Requested) message to the MME 306/SGSN 308 over theT5b′/T5a′ reference points.

In steps 6-7 of FIG. 9 are similar to step 11 of FIG. 8.

In step 8 of FIG. 9, and in analogy with step 7 of FIG. 8, MME 306/SGSN308 sends a new “User Location Response” (EPS-Location-Information,MME-Congestion-Level, SGSN-Congestion-Level) message to the SECF overthe new T5b′/T5a′ reference point. Via receiving one of more‘Geographical-Information’ from the MME 306, the SCEF 404 will be ableto know the currently available RAT(s) (E-UTRAN, UTRAN). Furthermore,the new ‘MME-Congestion-Level’ and ‘SGSN-Congestion-Level’ AVPs can beused, which will include the congestion levels at the MME 306 and SGSN308, as calculated in step 7 above.

Steps 9-11 of FIG. 9 are similar to steps 8-10 of FIG. 8, except thatthe messages (User-Profile-Update-Request/User-Profile-Update-Response)are exchanged over a new T5w reference point between the SCEF 404 and3GPP AAA Server 312. The AVPs of these messages are similar to thecorresponding ones discussed in steps 8-10 of FIG. 8.

Step 12 of FIG. 9 is similar to step 12 of FIG. 8.

It is understood that the entities performing the steps illustrated inFIG. 9 may be logical entities that may be implemented in the form ofsoftware (i.e., computer-executable instructions) stored in a memory of,and executing on a processor of, an apparatus configured for wirelessand/or network communications or a computer system such as thoseillustrated in FIG. 14C or FIG. 14D. That is, the method(s) illustratedin FIG. 9 may be implemented in the form of software (i.e.,computer-executable instructions) stored in a memory of an apparatus,such as the apparatus or computer system illustrated in FIG. 14C or FIG.14D, which computer executable instructions, when executed by aprocessor of the apparatus, perform the steps illustrated in FIG. 9. Itis also understood that the functionality illustrated in FIG. 9 mayimplemented as a set of virtualized network functions. The networkfunctions may not necessarily communicate directly, rather, they maycommunicate via forwarding or routing function. It is also understoodthat any transmitting and receiving steps illustrated in FIG. 9 may beperformed by communication circuitry of the apparatus under control ofthe processor of the apparatus and the computer-executable instructions(e.g., software) that it executes.

PCRF-Based Location Context Delivery Procedure

In this section, the SCEF 404 utilizes the PCRF 402 to get the locationcontext of a particular UE 202. The PCRF 402 gets the congestion levelsat the P-GW and RAN user plane from the PCEF 502 and RCAF 504,respectively. Furthermore, PCRF 402 gets the user location and RAT-Typefrom the PCEF 502 during the IP-CAN procedure.

The call flow in FIG. 10 can be described as follows.

In step 0 of FIG. 10, initially, it is assumed that a UE 202 has anexisting LTE data connection. Such connection was established using theinitial attach procedure defined in clause 5.3.2. of TS 23.401 “GeneralPacket Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved UniversalTerrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access,” V12.4.0, March 2014.Of special interest in the attach procedure is the PCEF-initiated IP-CANSession Establishment procedure (clause 7.2 of TS 23.203 “Policy andcharging control architecture,” V12.4.0, March 2014), between the P-GW(particularly, the PCEF 502) and the PCRF 402. In this procedure, thePCEF 502 requests PCC rules by sending “CC-Request (CCR)”(Subscription-Id, 3GPP-User-Location-Info, RAT-Type) message to the PCRF402, over the Gx reference point. The ‘Subscription-Id’ is theidentification of the subscription (e.g. IMSI, MSISDN), the‘3GPP-User-Location-Info’ AVP includes the user's location, and the‘RAT-Type=EUTRAN (1004)’ AVP indicates type of the utilized RAT. Inresponse, the PCRF 402 provisions PCC rules in the “CC-Answer (CCA)”(QoS-Information) message to the PCEF 502. The ‘QoS-Information’indicates the authorized QoS of the UE's traffic. The complete AVPs ofthe CCR and CCA messages are listed in clauses 5.6.2 and 5.6.3 of TS29.212 “Policy and Charging Control (PCC); Reference points,” V12.4.0,March 2014.

Steps 1-4 of FIG. 10 are similar to steps 1-4 of FIG. 7.

In step 5 of FIG. 10, as the SCEF 404 has received the API request fromthe SCS/AS 602, authorized it, and obtained the UE's IMSI, the SCEF 404sends a “LCS Service Request” (IMSI) message to the PCRF 402.

The SCEF 404 can send “LCS Service Request” (IMSI or ExternalIdentifier) to the PCRF 402 over the Rx reference point.

In step 6 of FIG. 10, in order for the PCRF 402 to acquire any updatedinformation about the UE 202, it sends a “Profile-Update-Request”message to the PCEF 502.

A new message “Profile-Update-Request” can be defined from the PCRF 402to the PCEF 502, over the Gx reference point.

Alternatively and if No PCRF 402 is deployed, step 5 and 6 can bereplaced by having direct connection between the SCEF 404 and PCEF 502.In this case, the PCEF 502 sends a new message “LCS Service Request” tothe P-GW.

In step 7 of FIG. 10, in response, the PCEF 502 replies with a “ProfileUpdate Response” (3GPP-User-Location-Info, RAT-Type, PGW-Congestion)message to the PCRF 402. If no PCRF 402 is deployed, then the PCEF 502replies directly to the SCEF 404 with the “Profile Update Response”message.

A new message “Profile Update Response” (3GPP-User-Location-Info,RAT-Type, PGW-Congestion) can be sent from the PCEF 502 to the PCRF 402,over the Gx reference point. The ‘3GPP-User-Location-Info’ AVP indicatesthe current UE's location, the ‘RAT-Type’ AVP indicates the current RAT,and the ‘PGW-Congestion’ AVP indicates the congestion level at the P-GW.As indicated in clause 4.3.7.5 of TS 23.401, the P-GW can estimate itscongestion level using the maximum number of active bearers per APNand/or the maximum rate of bearer activations per APN. This congestionlevel will be included in the ‘PGW-Congestion’ AVP.

In step 8 of FIG. 10, once the PCRF 402 gets the congestion level at theP-GW, it can also gets the congestion level at the RAN user plane. Inparticular, the PCRF 402 can contact the RCAF 504 over the Np referencepoint (TS 29.217) to inquire about the RAN User Plane CongestionInformation (RUCI).

A new message “RUCI Report Request” (Subscription-Id,Congestion-Location-Id) message can be sent from the PCRF 402 to theRCAF 504 over the Np reference point. The PCRF 402 includes the‘Congestion-Location-Id’ AVP to indicate its interest in the congestionlevel at that particular location. The ‘Congestion-Location-Id’ AVPincludes 3GPP-User-Location-Info and eNodeB-ID, as defined in clause5.3.9 of TS 29.217. Also, the PCRF 402 includes the user id within the‘Subscription-Id’ AVP. Both of these AVPs were defined previously in TS29.217, and are utilized here in the new message “RUCI Report Request”.

Alternatively and if No PCRF 402 is deployed, the SCEF 404 can send the“RUCI Report Request” message directly to the RCAF 504.

In step 9 of FIG. 10, in response, RCAF 504 sends“Non-Aggregated-RUCI-Report-Request (NRR)” (Congestion-Level-Value,Subscription-Id, Congestion-Location-Id) message to the PCRF 402 overthe Np reference point (clause 5.6.1 of TS 29.217). The‘Congestion-Level-Value’ AVP indicates the congestion level of the cellwhere the UE 202 is located (clause 5.3.6 of TS 29.217).

In step 10 of FIG. 10, once the PCRF 402 gets the RUCI report from theRCAF 504, it sends “Non-Aggregated-RUCI-Report-Answer (NRA)” (clause5.6.2 of TS 29.217) over the Np reference point.

In step 11 of FIG. 10, the PCRF 402 sends the “LCS Service Response”(3GPP-User-Location-Info, RUCI-Congestion-Level-Value, PGW-Congestion)message to the SCEF 404 over the Rx reference point.

A new message “LCS Service Response” (3GPP-User-Location-Info,RUCI-Congestion-Level-Value, PGW-Congestion) can be sent from the PCRF402 to the SCEF 404 over the Rx reference point. The‘RUCI-Congestion-Level-Value’ AVP equals the ‘Congestion-Level-Value’received from the RCAF 504 in step 9.

In step 12 of FIG. 10, the SCEF 404 can send a “Location ContextResponse” (Location, Available-RATs, Congestion-Levels) API to theSCS/AS 602 carrying the UE's context information. The‘Congestion-Levels’ AVP will include the ‘PGW-Congestion’ and‘RUCI-Congestion-Level-Value’ AVPs.

In step 13 of FIG. 10, it is assumed that the UE 202 decides to switchto Wi-Fi via a trusted WLAN (TWAN), the inter-RAT handover procedurefrom LTE to WLAN, defined in clause 16.10.1.1. of TS 23.402“Architecture enhancements for non-3GPP accesses,” V12.4.0, March 2014,will be executed. The PCEF-initiated IP-CAN Session Modificationprocedure will be executed as a part of the handover procedure. Duringthe IP-CAN procedure, the PCEF 502 sends “CC-Request (CCR)” (RAT-Type,TWAN-Identifier) message (clause 5.6.2 of TS 29.212) to the PCRF 402over the Gx reference point to request updated PCC rules. TheRAT-Type=WLAN indicates the new RAT and the ‘TWAN-Identifier’ AVPindicates the UE 202 location in the TWAN. In response, the PCRF 402provides the PCC rules including ‘QoS-Information’ in the “CC-Answer(CCA)” (QoS-Information) message (clause 5.6.3 of TS 29.212) to the PCEF502 over the Gx reference point.

In step 14 of FIG. 10, once the PCRF 402 is updated with the RAT changevia the IP-CAN Session Modification procedure in the above step, it aimsto inquire about the congestion status at the TWAN by sending the “RUCIReport Request” (Subscription-Id) message to the RCAF 504, as describedin Step 8.

In step 15 of FIG. 10, in response, the RCAF 504 sends “Congestion LevelRequest” message to the 3GPP AAA Server 312 over the newly-introducedNq″ reference point. The naming of this newly introduced reference pointfollows the Nq (MME-RCAF, clause 4.4.12 of TS 23.401) and Nq′(SGSN-RCAF, clause 5.4.11 of TS 23.060 “General Packet Radio Service(GPRS), Stage 2”.).

In step 16 of FIG. 10, consequently, the 3GPP AAA Server 312 can send“Congestion Level Response” (TWAN-RUCI-Congestion-Level-Value) messageto the RCAF 504, over the newly-introduced Nq″ reference point. The‘TWAN-RUCI-Congestion-Level-Value’ AVP carries the congestion level atthe TWAN.

Steps 17-20 of FIG. 10 are similar to steps 9-12, carrying the‘TWAN-RUCI-Congestion-Level-Value’ for the TWAN RAN congestion level,‘TWAN-Identifier’ for UE's location in the TWAN, and ‘MILAN’ foravailable RATs.

It is understood that the entities performing the steps illustrated inFIG. 10 may be logical entities that may be implemented in the form ofsoftware (i.e., computer-executable instructions) stored in a memory of,and executing on a processor of, an apparatus configured for wirelessand/or network communications or a computer system such as thoseillustrated in FIG. 14C or FIG. 14D. That is, the method(s) illustratedin FIG. 10 may be implemented in the form of software (i.e.,computer-executable instructions) stored in a memory of an apparatus,such as the apparatus or computer system illustrated in FIG. 14C or FIG.14D, which computer executable instructions, when executed by aprocessor of the apparatus, perform the steps illustrated in FIG. 10. Itis also understood that the functionality illustrated in FIG. 10 mayimplemented as a set of virtualized network functions. The networkfunctions may not necessarily communicate directly, rather, they maycommunicate via forwarding or routing function. It is also understoodthat any transmitting and receiving steps illustrated in FIG. 10 may beperformed by communication circuitry of the apparatus under control ofthe processor of the apparatus and the computer-executable instructions(e.g., software) that it executes.

SCEF-Initiated Location Context Request Procedure

In embodiments discussed above, it is assumed that the SCS/AS 602initiates the inquiry about a particular UE's location-based context.Alternatively, the SCEF 404 may be the node initiating suchlocation-based context request as a part of another procedure. Forexample, group-based enhancement (GROUPE) is currently being studied in3GPP TR 23.769 “Group based Enhancements (GROUPE)”. One of the keyissues of GROUPE is the selection of delivery mechanisms for messagingto a group (clause 5.2 of 3GPP TR 23.769). For instance, theavailability of message delivery mechanisms (e.g. MBMS) and radio accesstechnology within the geographic area, where the message needs to bedelivered, needs to be taken into consideration (clause 5.2 of 3GPP TR23.769). Such information is part of the location-based context, asdiscussed earlier. In this case, once the SCEF 404 receives a particulargroup request from the SCS/AS 602, it decides to initiate any of thelocation context delivery procedures to know about the group's contextbefore executing the group request. FIG. 11 explains such procedure.

The call flow in FIG. 11 can be explained as follows.

In step 0 of FIG. 11, the SCS/AS 602 sends a particular Group Request(e.g. data delivery) to the SCEF 404. The group is identified by itsExternal-Group-ID and the individual UEs are identified by theirExternal-Device-IDs.

In step 1 of FIG. 11, the SCEF 404 verified that the SCS/AS 602 isauthorized to send such group request.

In step 2 of FIG. 11, once authorized, the SCEF 404 sends “GroupInformation Request” (SCS/AS-ID, External-Group-ID, External-IDs) to theHSS 304 over the Sh reference point, as indicated in clause 5.5.3 of3GPP TR 23.769.

In step 3 of FIG. 11, in response, the HSS 304 sends “Group InformationResponse” (Internal-Group-ID, Internal-IDs) to the SCEF 404.

In step 4 of FIG. 11, before the SCEF 404 forwards the group request tothe intended core network node (e.g. BM-SC), the SCEF 404 inquires aboutthe location-based context of this group of UEs. Hence, it executes oneof the context delivery procedures, described above. The SCEF 404 canmake more than one inquiry to find the location of each group member.

In step 5 of FIG. 11, as a result, the SCEF 404 acquires thelocation-based context (location, available RATs, congestion levels) ofthe group under consideration.

In step 6 of FIG. 11, based on the received context, the SCEF 404 willbe able to choose the best available method to execute the group requestsuch as Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS), Cell BroadcastService (CBS), or Short Message Service (SMS).

In step 7 of FIG. 11, finally and once the group request is executed,the SCEF 404 sends “Group Response” message to the SCS/AS 602.

It is understood that the entities performing the steps illustrated inFIG. 11 may be logical entities that may be implemented in the form ofsoftware (i.e., computer-executable instructions) stored in a memory of,and executing on a processor of, an apparatus configured for wirelessand/or network communications or a computer system such as thoseillustrated in FIG. 14C or FIG. 14D. That is, the method(s) illustratedin FIG. 11 may be implemented in the form of software (i.e.,computer-executable instructions) stored in a memory of an apparatus,such as the apparatus or computer system illustrated in FIG. 14C or FIG.14D, which computer executable instructions, when executed by aprocessor of the apparatus, perform the steps illustrated in FIG. 11. Itis also understood that the functionality illustrated in FIG. 11 mayimplemented as a set of virtualized network functions. The networkfunctions may not necessarily communicate directly, rather, they maycommunicate via forwarding or routing function. It is also understoodthat any transmitting and receiving steps illustrated in FIG. 11 may beperformed by communication circuitry of the apparatus under control ofthe processor of the apparatus and the computer-executable instructions(e.g., software) that it executes.

Protocol Embodiments: Messages Extensions

In this section, the protocol embodiments covering the detailed messageextensions are described. More precisely, the needed message andprotocol extensions to enable the procedures described above areintroduced.

GMLC-Associated Reference Points

The GMLC 302 has been utilized in the GMLC-based location contextdelivery procedure, described in FIG. 7. In this section, only the newand modified messages, along with the new information elements carriedover its associated reference points (SLg/Lg, La, Le) are described.

SLg/Lg Reference Point (GMLC-MME/SGSN)

In steps 8 and 11 of FIG. 7, the GMLC 302 communicates with the MME306/SGSN 308 over the SLg/Lg reference point using two modifiedmessages, which are Provide-Location-Request (PLR) andProvide-Location-Answer (PLA), respectively. In this section, theinformation elements of these two messages, including the new ones.SLg/Lg: Provide-Location-Request (PLR) Command (FIG. 7, step 8) aredescribed.

The Provide-Location-Request (PLR) command, indicated by theCommand-Code field set to 8388620 and the ‘R’ bit set in the CommandFlags field, is sent by the GMLC 302 in order to request subscriberlocation to the MME 306 or SGSN 308 (clause 7.3.1 of TS 29.172).

The new ‘Congestion-Level-Requested’ IE can be included in the PLRmessage to indicate the GMLC's desire to know the congestion levels atthe MME 306/SGSN 308. The updated Message Format is:

 < Provide-Location-Request> ::= < Diameter Header: 8388620, REQ, PXY,16777255 > < Session-Id > [ Vendor-Specific-Application-Id ]  {Auth-Session-State }  { Origin-Host }  { Origin-Realm } {Destination-Host } { Destination-Realm }  { Location-Type }  [User-Name ]  [ MSISDN]  [ IMEI ]  { LCS-EPS-Client-Name }  {LCS-Client-Type }  [ LCS-Requestor-Name ]  [ LCS-Priority ]  [ LCS-QoS ] [ Velocity-Requested ]  [LCS-Supported-GAD-Shapes ]  [LCS-Service-Type-ID ]  [ LCS-Codeword ]  [ LCS-Privacy-Check-Non-Session]  [ LCS-Privacy-Check-Session ]  [Service-Selection ]  [Deferred-Location-Type ]  [ PLR-Flags ]  *[ Supported-Features ]  *[ AVP]  *[ Proxy-Info ]  *[ Route-Record ]  *[ Congestion-Level-Requested ]

SLg/Lg: Provide-Location-Answer (PLA) Command (FIG. 7, Step 11)

The modified Provide-Location-Answer (PLA) command, indicated by theCommand-Code field set to 8388620 and the ‘1Z’ bit cleared in theCommand Flags field, is sent by the MME 306 or SGSN 308 to the GMLC 302in response to the PLR command (clause 7.3.2 of TS 29.172).

New ‘MME-Congestion-Level’ and ‘SGSN-Congestion-Level’ IEs can beincluded in the PLA message, which will include the congestion levels atthe MME 306 and SGSN 308. Also, the existing ‘E-UTRAN-Positioning-Data’,‘UTRAN-Positioning-Data’, and ‘GERAN-Positioning-Data’ IEs can be usedto know if the UE 202 has access to E-UTRAN, UTRAN, and/or GREAN RATs,respectively. The updated Message Format is:

< Provide-Location-Answer > ::= < Diameter Header: 8388620, PXY,16777255 > < Session-Id > [ Vendor-Specific-Application-Id ]  [Result-Code ]  [ Experimental-Result ]  { Auth-Session-State }  {Origin-Host }  { Origin-Realm }  [ Location-Estimate ]  [Accuracy-Fulfilment-Indicator ]  [ Age-Of-Location-Estimate]  [Velocity-Estimate ]  [ EUTRAN-Positioning-Data]  [ ECGI ]  [GERAN-Positioning-Info ]  [ Cell-Global-Identity ]  [UTRAN-Positioning-Info ]  [ Service-Area-Identity ]  [ Serving-Node ]  [PLA-Flags ]  [ ESMLC-Cell-Info ]  *[ Supported-Features ]  *[ AVP ]  *[Failed-AVP ]  *[ Proxy-Info ]  *[ Route-Record]  *[MME-Congestion-Level]  *[ SGSN-Congestion-Level]

La Reference Point (GMLC-3GPP AAA Server 312)

The La reference point was introduced for I-WLAN in TS 23.271“Functional stage 2 description of Location Services (LCS)”. Furthermorein TS 23.271 clause 9.1.13, an IW-MT-LR (Mobile Terminated LocationRequest for an I-WLAN) procedure is described, in which the GMLC 302communicates with the 3GPP AAA Server 312 to get the UE location. Itsends “UE Routing Info Inquiry” message to the 3GPP AAA Server 312. Inresponse, the AAA Server 312 replies with “UE Routing Info Inquiry Ack”message. In steps 12 and 14 of FIG. 7, the GMLC 302 can communicate withthe 3GPP AAA Server 312 over the La reference point using updatedversion of these two messages.

There is no stage-3 definition of these two La messages. The onlydescription of them is in the IW-MT-LR procedure (clause 9.1.13 ofstage-2 TS 23.271). Using this Stage-2 description, a limited number ofinformation elements are mentioned. The included information elementswill follow the ones described above (GMLC-MME 306/SGSN 308).

La: UE Routing Info Inquiry Command (FIG. 7, Step 12)

The modified UE Routing Info Inquiry message is sent from the GMLC 302to the 3GPP AAA Server 312 to inquire about the UE's location andcongestion. The new ‘Congestion-Level-Requested’ IE can be included inthe modified “UE Routing Info Inquiry” message to inquire about thecongestion level at the 3GPP AAA Server 312. The message format is:

< UE Routing Info Inquiry > ::= < Diameter Header: TBD> < Session-Id > [Vendor-Specific-Application-Id ]  { Auth-Session-State }  { Origin-Host}  { Origin-Realm }  {Destination-Host } { Destination-Realm }  {Location-Type }  [ User-Name ]  [ MSISDN]  [ IMEI ]  {LCS-EPS-Client-Name }  { LCS-Client-Type }  [ LCS-Requestor-Name ]  [LCS-Priority ]  [ LCS-QoS ]  [ Velocity-Requested ] [LCS-Supported-GAD-Shapes ]  [ LCS-Service-Type-ID ]  [ LCS-Codeword ] [ LCS-Privacy-Check-Non-Session ]  [ LCS-Privacy-Check-Session ] [Service-Selection ]  [ Deferred-Location-Type ]  [ Flags ]  *[Supported-Features ]  *[ AVP ]  *[ Proxy-Info ]  *[ Route-Record ]  *[Congestion-Level-Requested ]

La: UE Routing Info Inquiry Ack Command (FIG. 7, Step 14)

The modified UE Routing Info Inquiry Ack message is sent from the 3GPPAAA Server 312 to the GMLC 302 to indicate the UE's location andcongestion. The new ‘AAA-Congestion-Level’ IE can be included in themodified “UE Routing Info Inquiry Ack” message to include the congestionlevel at the 3GPP AAA Server 312. The new ‘MILAN-Positioning-Data’ IEwill carry the UE's location and the ‘LIE-Reachable’ will indicate ifthe UE 202 is reachable via Wi-Fi or not. The message format, similar tothe PLA, is

< UE Routing Info Inquiry Ack > ::=  < Diameter Header: TBD > <Session-Id > [ Vendor-Specific-Application-Id ]  [ Result-Code ]  [Experimental-Result ]  { Auth-Session-State }  { Origin-Host }  {Origin-Realm }  [ Location-Estimate ]  [ Accuracy-Fulfilment-Indicator ] [ Age-Of-Location-Estimate]  [ Velocity-Estimate ]  [ ECGI ]  [Cell-Global-Identity ]  [ UTRAN-Positioning-Info ]  [Service-Area-Identity ]  [ Serving-Node ]  [Flags ]  [ ESMLC-Cell-Info ] *[ Supported-Features ]  *[ AVP ]  *[ Failed-AVP ]  *[ Proxy-Info ]  *[Route-Record]  *[UE-Reachable]  *[ WLAN-Positioning-Data]  *[AAA-Congestion-Level]

Le Reference Point (GMLC-SCEF)

The Le reference point is utilized in TS 23.271 clause 9.1.1 to carrythe “LCS Service Request” and “LCS Service Response” messages. Asindicated in TS 23.002 “Network architecture”, “the Le interface is usedby the external LCS client to retrieve location information from the LCSserver. Signalling on this interface may use the OMA Mobile LocationProtocol (MLP) and Open Service Access Application Programming Interface(OSA-API), TS 29.198”.

Le: LCS Service Response (FIG. 7, Step 16)

New IEs ‘Available-RATs’ and ‘Congestion-Levels’ can be included to the“LCS Service Response” to convey the complete UE's location context. So,the GMLC 302 will send the “LCS Service Response” (Location, Velocity,Available-RATs, Congestion-Levels) message to the SCEF 404 over the Lereference point.

HSS-Associated Reference Points

The HSS 304 has been utilized in the HSS-based location context deliveryprocedure, described in FIG. 8. In this section, only the new andmodified messages, along with the new information elements carried overits associated reference points (Sh, S6a/S6d, SWx), are presented.

S6a/S6d Reference Point (HSS-MME/SGSN)

In steps 4 and 7 of FIG. 8, the HSS 304 communicates with the MME306/SGSN 308 over the S6a/S6d reference point using two new messages,which are User-Location-Request and User-Location-Response,respectively. The complete messages and information elements overS6a/S6d reference point are included in TS 29.272. Typical AVPs, foundin TS 29.272, are added to these messages. In this section, the newinformation elements of these two messages are presented.

S6a/S6d: User-Location-Request (FIG. 8, Step 4)

The HSS 304 can send a new “User-Location-Request” (IMSI,Congestion-Level-Requested) message to the MME 306/SGSN 308 over theS6a/S6d reference point. The ‘Congestion-Level-Requested’ AVP indicatethe HSS's desire to know the congestion level at the MME 306/SGSN 308serving nodes. The message format is

< User-Location-Request > ::=  < Diameter Header: TBD> < Session-Id > [Vendor-Specific-Application-Id ]  { Auth-Session-State }  { Origin-Host}  { Origin-Realm }  { Destination-Host }  { Destination-Realm }  {User-Name } *[Supported-Features ]  [Flags ] *[ AVP ] *[ Proxy-Info ] *[Route-Record ] { Congestion-Level-Requested }

S6a/S6d: User-Location-Response (FIG. 8, Step 7)

The MME 306/SGSN 308 can send a new “User-Location-Response”(EPS-Location-Information, MME-Congestion-Level, SGSN-Congestion-Level)message to the HSS 304 over the S6a/S6d reference point. Furthermore,the new ‘MME-Congestion-Level’ and ‘SGSN-Congestion-Level’ AVPs can beused. The message format is

< User-Location-Response > ::= < Diameter Header: TBD> < Session-Id > [Vendor-Specific-Application-Id ] *[ Supported-Features ] [ Result-Code ][ Experimental-Result ]  { Auth-Session-State }  { Origin-Host }  {Origin-Realm } [ IMS-Voice-Over-PS-Sessions-Supported ] [Last-UE-Activity-Time ] [ RAT-Type ] [Flags ] [ EPS-User-State ] [EPS-Location-Information ] [Local-Time-Zone ] *[ AVP ] *[ Failed-AVP ]*[ Proxy-Info ] *[ Route-Record ] { MME-Congestion-Level} {SGSN-Congestion-Level′ }

SWx Reference Point (HSS-3GPP AAA Server)

In steps 8 and 10 of FIG. 8, the HSS 304 communicates with the 3GPP AAAServer 312 over the SWx reference point using two modified messages,which are “User-Profile-Update-Request” and“User-Profile-Update-Response”, respectively. The complete messages andinformation elements over SWx reference point are included in TS 29.272.Typical AVPs, found in TS 29.272, are added to these messages. In thissection, the new information elements of these two messages arepresented.

SWx: User-Profile-Update-Request (FIG. 8, Step 8)

The HSS 304 can send a modified “User-Profile-Update-Request” (IMSI,Access-Network-Info-Request, Congestion-Request) message to the 3GPP AAAServer 312 over the SWx reference point. The ‘Congestion-Request’indicates the HSS's desire to be informed about the congestion level atthe 3GPP AAA Server. Table 1 (copied from TS 29.273 “Evolved PacketSystem (EPS); 3GPP EPS AAA interfaces”) shows the IEs of the“User-Profile-Update-Request” message and Table 2 (default is copiedfrom TS 29.273) shows its Push-Profile-Request (PPR) flags. The‘Congestion-Request’ IE can be included in the“User-Profile-Update-Request” message IEs or in the PPR-flags. As anexample, the ‘Congestion-Request’ IE is added to Table 2. The PPR-FlagsAVP is of type Unsigned32 and it contains a bit mask. The meanings ofthe bits are as defined in Table 2.

TABLE 1 User Profile Update request (TS 29.273) Information Mapping toelement Diameter name AVP Cat. Description IMSI User-Name M Thisinformation element shall contain the user IMSI and shall (See IETF beformatted according to 3GPP TS 23.003 “Numbering, RFC 3588) addressingand identification (Release 12),” V12.4.1., clause 2.2. User profileNon-3GPP- M This IE shall contain the updated user profile. Section8.2.3.1 User-Data (of TS 29.273) details the contents of the AVP. Incase of trace activation or deactivation, the Trace-Info AVP shall beincluded, and this may be the only AVP that is present under thisgrouped AVP. Routing Destination- M This IE shall contain the 3GPP AAAServer name that is Information Host obtained from the Origin-Host AVP,which is received from the 3GPP AAA Server 312 PPR Flags PPR-Flags OThis Information Element contains a bit mask. See Table 2 for themeaning of the bits. Supported Supported- O If present, this informationelement shall contain the list of Features Features features supportedby the origin host. (See 3GPP TS 29.229)

TABLE 2 PPR-Flags Bit Name Description 0 Reset- This bit, when set,indicates that the HSS 304 has Indication undergone a restart event andthe registration data and dynamic data needs to be restored, ifavailable at the 3GPP AAA Server 312. 1 Access- This bit, when set,indicates that the HSS 304 Network- requests the 3GPP AAA Server 312 theidentity and Info- location information of the access network where theRequest UE 202 is currently attached. 2 UE-Local- This bit, when set,indicates that the HSS 304 Time-Zone- requests the 3GPP AAA Server 312the time zone of Request the location in the access network where the UE202 is attached. 3 Congestion- This bit, when set, indicates that theHSS 304 Request requests the 3GPP AAA Server 312 the congestion level ofthe access network where the UE 202 is currently attached. NOTE: Bitsnot defined in this table shall be cleared by the sending HSS 304 anddiscarded by the receiving 3GPP AAA Server 312.

SWx: User-Profile-Update-Response (FIG. 8, Step 10)

The 3GPP AAA Server 312 can send a modified“User-Profile-Update-Response” (Access-Network-Info,AAA-Congestion-Level) message to the HSS 304 over the SWx referencepoint. The new ‘AAA-Congestion-Level’ AVP provides the congestion levelat the access network, where the UE 202 is attached.

TABLE 3 User Profile Update response Information Mapping to elementDiameter name AVP Cat. Description Result Result-Code/ M This IE shallcontain the result of the operation. Experimental- The Result-Code AVPshall be used for errors defined in the Result Diameter Base Protocol.The Experimental-Result AVP shall be used for SWx errors. This is agrouped AVP which shall contain the 3GPP Vendor ID in the Vendor-Id AVP,and the error code in the Experimental-Result-Code AVP. Access Access- OIf present, this IE shall contain the identity and location NetworkNetwork- information of the access network where the UE 202 isInformation Info attached. Local Time Local-Time- O If present, this IEshall contain the time zone of the location in Zone Zone the accessnetwork where the UE 202 is attached. Supported Supported- O If present,this information element shall contain the list of Features Featuresfeatures supported by the origin host. (See 3GPP TS 29.229) AAA AAA- OIf present, this IE shall contain the congestion level of the CongestionCongestion- access network where the UE 202 is attached. Level Level

Sh Reference Point (HSS-SCEF)

In steps 3 and 11 of FIG. 8 the HSS 304 can communicate with the SCEF404 over the Sh reference point using two new messages, which are “LCSService Request” and “LCS Service Response”, respectively. Similar tothe Le reference point, signaling on this interface may use the OMAMobile Location Protocol (MLP) and Open Service Access ApplicationProgramming Interface (OSA-API), TS 29.198. In this section, the newinformation elements of these two messages is presented.

Sh: LCS Service Request (FIG. 8, Step 3)

The SCEF 404 can send a new “LCS Service Request” (External Identifier)message to the HSS 304 over the Sh reference point.

Sh: LCS Service Response (FIG. 8, Step 11)

The HSS 304 can send a new LCS Service Response(EPS-Location-Information, Access-Network-Info, MME-Congestion-Level,SGSN-Congestion-Level, AAA-Congestion-Level) message to the SCEF 404over the Sh reference point. This message carries all the location andcongestion AVPs received previously from the MME 306/SGSN 308 and 3GPPAAA Server 312, which were described earlier in Sections 6.1.2.1.2 and6.1.2.2.2.

SCEF-Associated Reference Points

The SCEF 404 has been utilized in the SCEF-based location contextdelivery procedure, described in FIG. 9. In this section, only the newand modified messages, along with the new information elements carriedover its associated reference points (T5b′/T5a′, T5w′), are presented.

T5b′/T5a′ Reference Point (SCEF-MME/SGSN) (FIG. 9, Steps 5 and 8)

In steps 5 and 8 of FIG. 9, the SCEF 404 communicates with the MME306/SGSN 308 over the T5b′/T5a′ reference point using two new messages,which are User-Location-Request and User-Location-Response,respectively. The message format and IEs of these two messages aresimilar to their corresponding ones over the S6a/S6d.

T5w Reference Point (SCEF-3GPP AAA Server) (FIG. 9, Steps 9 and 11)

In steps 9 and 11 of FIG. 9, the SCEF 404 communicates with the 3GPP AAAServer 312 over the new T5w reference point using two new messages,which are “User-Profile-Update-Request” and“User-Profile-Update-Response”, respectively. The message format and IEsof these two messages are similar to their corresponding ones over theSWx, described above.

API to SCS/AS 602

In the first step of all of the solutions discussed above, the SCEF 404can expose “Location Context Request API” to the SCS/AS 602. In the endof every solution, the SCEF 404 responds back to the SCEF 404 by sending“Location Context Request API” (Location, Velocity, Available-RATs,Congestion-Levels) API carrying the UE's context information to theSCS/AS 602.

PCRF-Associated Reference Points

The PCRF 402 has been utilized in the PCRF 402-based location contextdelivery procedure, described in FIG. 10. In this section, only the newand modified messages, along with the new information elements carriedover its associated reference points (Gx, Rx), are presented.

Gx Reference Point (PCRF-PCEF)

In steps 6 and 7 of FIG. 10, the PCRF 402 communicates with the PCEF 502(at the P-GW) over the Gx reference point using two new messages, whichare Profile-Update-Request and Profile-Update-Response, respectively.The complete messages and information elements over Gx reference pointare included in TS 29.212. Typical AVPs, found in TS 29.212, are addedto these messages. In this section, the message format of these twomessages is presented.

Gx: Profile-Update-Request (FIG. 10, Step 6)

A new message “Profile-Update-Request” can be sent from the PCRF 402 tothe PCEF 502, over the Gx reference point. The message format is:

<Profile-Update-Request> ::= < Diameter Header: TBD >  < Session-Id >  {Origin-Host }  { Origin-Realm }  { Destination-Realm }  {Destination-Host }  [ Proxy-Info ] *[ Route-Record ] *[ AVP ]

Gx: Profile-Update-Response (FIG. 10, Step 7)

A new message “Profile-Update-Response” (3GPP-User-Location-Info,RAT-Type, PGW-Congestion-Level) can be sent from the PCEF 502 to thePCRF 402, over the Gx reference point. The ‘3GPP-User-Location-Info’ AVPindicates the current UE's location, the ‘RAT-Type’ AVP indicates thecurrent RAT, and the ‘PGW-Congestion-Level’ AVP indicates the congestionlevel at the P-GW. The message format is:

< Profile-Update-Response > ::= < Diameter Header: TBD> < Session-Id > { Origin-Host }  { Origin-Realm }  { Destination-Realm } *[Subscription-Id ]  [ IP-CAN-Type ]  [ 3GPP-RAT-Type ]  [ AN-Trusted ]  [RAT-Type ]  [ QoS-Information ]  [ 3GPP-User-Location-Info]  [User-Location-Info-Time ]  [ User-CSG-Information ]  [ TWAN-Identifier ] [ 3GPP-MS-TimeZone ] *[ Proxy-Info ] *[ Route-Record ] [PGW-Congestion-Level] *[ AVP ]

Rx Reference Point (PCRF-SCEF)

In steps 5, 11, and 19 of FIG. 10, the SCEF 404 can communicate with thePCRF 402 over the Rx reference point using two new messages, which are“LCS Service Request” and “LCS Service Response”, respectively. Similarto the Le reference point, signalling on this interface may use the OMAMobile Location Protocol (MLP) and Open Service Access ApplicationProgramming Interface (OSA-API), TS 29.198. In this section, the newinformation elements of these two messages are described.

Rx: LCS Service Request (FIG. 10, Step 5)

The SECF can send a new “LCS Service Request” (IMSI) message to the PCRF402 over the Rx reference point.

Rx: LCS Service Response (FIG. 10, Steps 11, 19)

The PCRF 402 can send a new LCS Service Response(3GPP-User-Location-Info, TWAN-Identifier, RUCI-Congestion-Level-Value,TWAN-RUCI-Congestion-Level-Value, PGW-Congestion-Level) message to theSCEF 404 over the Rx reference point. This message carries all thelocation and congestion AVPs received from the P-GW and RCAF 504.

RCAF-Associated Reference Point

The RCAF 504 has been utilized in the PCRF-based location contextdelivery procedure, described in FIG. 10. In this section, only the newand modified messages, along with the new information elements carriedover its associated reference points (Np, Nq″), are described.

Np Reference Point (RCAF-PCRF)

In steps 8, 9, 14, and 17 of FIG. 10, the RCAF 504 can communicate withthe PCRF 402 over the Np reference point using new and modifiedmessages, which are “RUCI Report Request” and“Non-Aggregated-RUCI-Report-Request (NRR)”. The details of the Npreference point are indicated in TS 29.217. In this section, the newinformation elements of these two messages are described.

Np: RUCI Report Request (FIG. 10, Steps 8 and 14)

A new message “RUCI Report Request” (Subscription-Id,Congestion-Location-Id) message can be sent from the PCRF 402 to theRCAF 504 over the Np reference point. The ‘Congestion-Location-Id’ AVPincludes 3GPP-User-Location-Info and eNodeB-ID, as defined in clause5.3.9 of TS 29.217. Also, the PCRF 402 includes the user id within the‘Subscription-Id’ AVP. Both of these AVPs were defined previously in TS29.217, and are used here in the new message “RUCI Report Request”.

Np: Non-Aggregated-RUCI-Report-Request (NRR) (FIG. 10, Steps 9 and 17)

The RCAF 504 sends “Non-Aggregated-RUCI-Report-Request (NRR)”(TWAN-RUCI-Congestion-Level-Value, Congestion-Level-Value,Subscription-Id , Congestion-Location-Id) message to the PCRF 402 overthe Np reference point (clause 5.6.1 of TS 29.217). The‘Congestion-Level-Value’ or ‘TWAN-RUCI-Congestion-Level-Value’ AVPsindicate the congestion level of the cell where the UE 202 is located(clause 5.3.6 of TS 29.217). The NRR command, indicated by theCommand-Code field set to xxxxxx and the ‘R’ bit set in the CommandFlags field, is sent by the RCAF 504 to the PCRF 402 as part of theNon-aggregated RUCI report procedure. The Message Format is:

< Non-Aggregated-RUCI-Report-Request> ::= <Diameter Header: TBD >  <Session-Id >  { Auth-Application-Id }  { Auth-Session-State }  {Origin-Host }  { Origin-Realm }  { Destination-Realm }  [Destination-Host ]  [ Origin-State-Id ]  [ Subscription-Id ]  [Called-Station-Id ]  [ Congestion-Level-Value ]  [Congestion-Level-Set-Id ]  [ Congestion-Location-Id ]  [ RCAF-Id ] *[Proxy-Info ] *[ Route-Record ] *[ Supported-Features ] *[ AVP ]  [TWAN-RUCI-Congestion-Level-Value ]

Nq″ Reference Point (RCAF-3GPP AAA Server)

In steps 15 and 16 of FIG. 10, the RCAF 504 communicates with the 3GPPAAA Server 312 over the Nq″ reference point using new messages, whichare “Congestion Level Request” and “Congestion Level Response”. First,the RCAF 504 sends “Congestion Level Request” message to the 3GPP AAAServer 312 over the newly-introduced Nq″ reference point. In response,the 3GPP AAA Server 312 sends “Congestion Level Response”(TWAN-RUCI-Congestion-Level-Value) message to the RCAF 504, over thenewly-introduced Nq″ reference point. The‘TWAN-RUCI-Congestion-Level-Value’ AVP carries the congestion level atthe TWAN.

Graphical User Interface

Interfaces, such as Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs), can be used toassist user to control and/or configure functionalities related to theservice layer charging correlation. FIGS. 12 and 13 illustrateinterfaces 1202 and 1302. It is to be understood that interfaces 1202and 1302 can be produced using displays such as those shown in FIGS.14C-D described below.

FIG. 12 depicts a Graphical User Interface (GUI) 1202 that allows the UE202 to approve or disapprove the SCS/AS's request to access the UE'slocation context.

FIG. 13 shows a network configuration console 1302 that can be used byan operator to decide which core network entities are allowed to beinvolved in reporting the location-based context information. Morespecifically, the operator will configure the SCEF 404 and enable ordisable its interaction with every potential network entity (e.g. MME306, GMLC 302). The SCEF 404 entity is a good candidate to have suchconfiguration console, as all the location requests in the disclosureare initiated by the SCEF 404. So, the SCEF 404 acts as a central point,through which an operator can configure all potential network nodes forlocation-context related requests.

FIG. 13 depicts the SCEF 404 configuration console 1302, which showscheck boxes in front of all the potential involved network entities(e.g. GMLC 302, MME 306, P-GW, PCRF 402). Once the SCEF 404 isconfigured, it can only requests location-based context from the checkednetwork nodes.

Example M2M/IoT/WoT Communication System

The various techniques described herein may be implemented in connectionwith hardware, firmware, software or, where appropriate, combinationsthereof. Such hardware, firmware, and software may reside in apparatuseslocated at various nodes of a communication network. The apparatuses mayoperate singly or in combination with each other to effect the methodsdescribed herein. As used herein, the terms “apparatus,” “networkapparatus,” “node,” “device,” and “network node” may be usedinterchangeably.

The term “service layer” refers to a functional layer within a networkservice architecture. Service layers are typically situated above theapplication protocol layer such as HTTP, CoAP or MQTT and provide valueadded services to client applications. The service layer also providesan interface to core networks at a lower resource layer, such as forexample, a control layer and transport/access layer. The service layersupports multiple categories of (service) capabilities orfunctionalities including a-service definition, service runtimeenablement, policy management, access control, and service clustering.Recently, several industry standards bodies, e.g., oneM2M, have beendeveloping M2M service layers to address the challenges associated withthe integration of M2M types of devices and applications intodeployments such as the Internet/Web, cellular, enterprise, and homenetworks. A M2M service layer can provide applications and/or variousdevices with access to a collection of or a set of the above mentionedcapabilities or functionalities, supported by the service layer, whichcan be referred to as a CSE or SCL. A few examples include but are notlimited to security, charging, data management, device management,discovery, provisioning, and connectivity management which can becommonly used by various applications. These capabilities orfunctionalities are made available to such various applications via APIswhich make use of message formats, resource structures and resourcerepresentations defined by the M2M service layer. The CSE or SCL is afunctional entity that may be implemented by hardware and/or softwareand that provides (service) capabilities or functionalities exposed tovarious applications and/or devices (i.e., functional interfaces betweensuch functional entities) in order for them to use such capabilities orfunctionalities.

FIG. 14A is a diagram of an example machine-to machine (M2M), Internetof Things (IoT), or Web of Things (WoT) communication system 10 in whichone or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. Generally, M2Mtechnologies provide building blocks for the IoT/WoT, and any M2Mdevice, M2M gateway, M2M server, or M2M service platform may be acomponent or node of the IoT/WoT as well as an IoT/WoT service layer,etc. Communication system 10 can be used to implement functionality ofthe disclosed embodiments and can include functionality and logicalentities such as SCS/AS 602, SCEF 404, PCRF 402, PCEF 502, RCAF 504, HSS304, GMLC 302, AAA Server 312, MME 306, SGSN 308, RAN 604 and UE 202 andlogical entities to produce the user interfaces such as interfaces 1202and 1302.

As shown in FIG. 14A, the M2M/IoT/WoT communication system 10 includes acommunication network 12. The communication network 12 may be a fixednetwork (e.g., Ethernet, Fiber, ISDN, PLC, or the like) or a wirelessnetwork (e.g., WLAN, cellular, or the like) or a network ofheterogeneous networks. For example, the communication network 12 may becomprised of multiple access networks that provide content such asvoice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, or the like to multiple users.For example, the communication network 12 may employ one or more channelaccess methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), timedivision multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access(FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), and thelike. Further, the communication network 12 may comprise other networkssuch as a core network, the Internet, a sensor network, an industrialcontrol network, a personal area network, a fused personal network, asatellite network, a home network, or an enterprise network for example.

As shown in FIG. 14A, the M2M/IoT/WoT communication system 10 mayinclude the Infrastructure Domain and the Field Domain. TheInfrastructure Domain refers to the network side of the end-to-end M2Mdeployment, and the Field Domain refers to the area networks, usuallybehind an M2M gateway. The Field Domain and Infrastructure Domain mayboth comprise a variety of different network nodes (e.g., servers,gateways, device, and the like). For example, the Field Domain mayinclude M2M gateways 14 and terminal devices 18. It will be appreciatedthat any number of M2M gateway devices 14 and M2M terminal devices 18may be included in the M2M/IoT/WoT communication system 10 as desired.Each of the M2M gateway devices 14 and M2M terminal devices 18 areconfigured to transmit and receive signals, using communicationscircuitry, via the communication network 12 or direct radio link. A M2Mgateway 14 allows wireless M2M devices (e.g. cellular and non-cellular)as well as fixed network M2M devices (e.g., PLC) to communicate eitherthrough operator networks, such as the communication network 12 ordirect radio link. For example, the M2M terminal devices 18 may collectdata and send the data, via the communication network 12 or direct radiolink, to an M2M application 20 or other M2M devices 18. The M2M terminaldevices 18 may also receive data from the M2M application 20 or an M2Mterminal device 18. Further, data and signals may be sent to andreceived from the M2M application 20 via an M2M service layer 22, asdescribed below. M2M terminal devices 18 and gateways 14 may communicatevia various networks including, cellular, WLAN, WPAN (e.g., Zigbee,6LoWPAN, Bluetooth), direct radio link, and wireline for example.

Exemplary M2M terminal devices 18 include, but are not limited to,tablets, smart phones, medical devices, temperature and weathermonitors, connected cars, smart meters, game consoles, personal digitalassistants, health and fitness monitors, lights, thermostats,appliances, garage doors and other actuator-based devices, securitydevices, and smart outlets.

Referring to FIG. 14B, the illustrated M2M service layer 22 in the fielddomain provides services for the M2M application 20, M2M gateway devices14, and M2M terminal devices 18 and the communication network 12.Communication network 12 can be used to implement functionality of thedisclosed embodiments and can include functionality and logical entitiessuch as SCS/AS 602, SCEF 404, PCRF 402, PCEF 502, RCAF 504, HSS 304,GMLC 302, AAA Server 312, MME 306, SGSN 308, RAN 604 and UE 202 andlogical entities to produce the user interfaces such as interfaces 1202and 1302. The M2M service layer 22 may be implemented by one or moreservers, computers, devices, virtual machines (e.g. cloud/storage farms,etc.) or the like, including for example the devices illustrated inFIGS. 14C and 14D described below. It will be understood that the M2Mservice layer 22 may communicate with any number of M2M applications,M2M gateways 14, M2M terminal devices 18, and communication networks 12as desired. The M2M service layer 22 may be implemented by one or morenodes of the network, which may comprises servers, computers, devices,or the like. The M2M service layer 22 provides service capabilities thatapply to M2M terminal devices 18, M2M gateways 14, and M2M applications20. The functions of the M2M service layer 22 may be implemented in avariety of ways, for example as a web server, in the cellular corenetwork, in the cloud, etc.

Similar to the illustrated M2M service layer 22, there is the M2Mservice layer 22′ in the Infrastructure Domain. M2M service layer 22′provides services for the M2M application 20′ and the underlyingcommunication network 12 in the infrastructure domain. M2M service layer22′ also provides services for the M2M gateways 14 and M2M terminaldevices 18 in the field domain. It will be understood that the M2Mservice layer 22′ may communicate with any number of M2M applications,M2M gateways and M2M devices. The M2M service layer 22′ may interactwith a service layer by a different service provider. The M2M servicelayer 22′ by one or more nodes of the network, which may comprisesservers, computers, devices, virtual machines (e.g., cloudcomputing/storage farms, etc.) or the like.

Referring also to FIG. 14B, the M2M service layers 22 and 22′ provide acore set of service delivery capabilities that diverse applications andverticals can leverage. These service capabilities enable M2Mapplications 20 and 20′ to interact with devices and perform functionssuch as data collection, data analysis, device management, security,billing, service/device discovery etc. Essentially, these servicecapabilities free the applications of the burden of implementing thesefunctionalities, thus simplifying application development and reducingcost and time to market. The service layers 22 and 22′ also enable M2Mapplications 20 and 20′ to communicate through networks 12 in connectionwith the services that the service layers 22 and 22′ provide.

The methods of the present application may be implemented as part of aservice layer 22 and 22′. The service layer 22 and 22′ is a softwaremiddleware layer that supports value-added service capabilities througha set of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) and underlyingnetworking interfaces. Both ETSI M2M and oneM2M use a service layer thatmay contain the connection methods of the present application. ETSIM2M's service layer is referred to as the Service Capability Layer(SCL). The SCL may be implemented within an M2M device (where it isreferred to as a device SCL (DSCL)), a gateway (where it is referred toas a gateway SCL (GSCL)) and/or a network node (where it is referred toas a network SCL (NSCL)). The oneM2M service layer supports a set ofCommon Service Functions (CSFs) (i.e. service capabilities). Aninstantiation of a set of one or more particular types of CSFs isreferred to as a Common Services Entity (CSE) which can be hosted ondifferent types of network nodes (e.g. infrastructure node, middle node,application-specific node). Further, connection methods of the presentapplication can implemented as part of an M2M network that uses aService Oriented Architecture (SOA) and/or a resource-orientedarchitecture (ROA) to access services such as the connection methods ofthe present application.

In some embodiments, M2M applications 20 and 20′ may be used inconjunction with the disclosed systems and methods. The M2M applications20 and 20′ may include the applications that interact with the UE orgateway and may also be used in conjunction with other disclosed systemsand methods.

In one embodiment, the logical entities such as SCS/AS 602, SCEF 404,PCRF 402, PCEF 502, RCAF 504, HSS 304, GMLC 302, AAA Server 312, MME306, SGSN 308, RAN 604 and UE 202 and logical entities to produce theuser interfaces such as interfaces 1202 and 1302 may be hosted within aM2M service layer instance hosted by an M2M node, such as an M2M server,M2M gateway, or M2M device, as shown in FIG. 14B. For example, thelogical entities such as SCS/AS 602, SCEF 404, PCRF 402, PCEF 502, RCAF504, HSS 304, GMLC 302, AAA Server 312, MME 306, SGSN 308, RAN 604 andUE 202 and logical entities to produce the user interfaces such asinterfaces 1202 and 1302 may comprise an individual service capabilitywithin the M2M service layer instance or as a sub-function within anexisting service capability.

The M2M applications 20 and 20′ may include applications in variousindustries such as, without limitation, transportation, health andwellness, connected home, energy management, asset tracking, andsecurity and surveillance. As mentioned above, the M2M service layer,running across the devices, gateways, servers and other nodes of thesystem, supports functions such as, for example, data collection, devicemanagement, security, billing, location tracking/geofencing,device/service discovery, and legacy systems integration, and providesthese functions as services to the M2M applications 20 and 20′.

Generally, the service layers 22 and 22′ define a software middlewarelayer that supports value-added service capabilities through a set ofApplication Programming Interfaces (APIs) and underlying networkinginterfaces. Both the ETSI M2M and oneM2M architectures define a servicelayer. ETSI M2M's service layer is referred to as the Service CapabilityLayer (SCL). The SCL may be implemented in a variety of different nodesof the ETSI M2M architecture. For example, an instance of the servicelayer may be implemented within an M2M device (where it is referred toas a device SCL (DSCL)), a gateway (where it is referred to as a gatewaySCL (GSCL)) and/or a network node (where it is referred to as a networkSCL (NSCL)). The oneM2M service layer supports a set of Common ServiceFunctions (CSFs) (i.e., service capabilities). An instantiation of a setof one or more particular types of CSFs is referred to as a CommonServices Entity (CSE) which can be hosted on different types of networknodes (e.g. infrastructure node, middle node, application-specificnode). The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has also definedan architecture for machine-type communications (MTC). In thatarchitecture, the service layer, and the service capabilities itprovides, are implemented as part of a Service Capability Server (SCS).Whether embodied in a DSCL, GSCL, or NSCL of the ETSI M2M architecture,in a Service Capability Server (SCS) of the 3GPP MTC architecture, in aCSF or CSE of the oneM2M architecture, or in some other node of anetwork, an instance of the service layer may be implemented as alogical entity (e.g., software, computer-executable instructions, andthe like) executing either on one or more standalone nodes in thenetwork, including servers, computers, and other computing devices ornodes, or as part of one or more existing nodes. As an example, aninstance of a service layer or component thereof may be implemented inthe form of software running on a network node (e.g., server, computer,gateway, device or the like) having the general architecture illustratedin FIG. 14C or FIG. 14D described below.

Further, logical entities such as SCS/AS 602, SCEF 404, PCRF 402, PCEF502, RCAF 504, HSS 304, GMLC 302, AAA Server 312, MME 306, SGSN 308, RAN604 and UE 202 and logical entities to produce the user interfaces suchas interfaces 1202 and 1302 can implemented as part of an M2M networkthat uses a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) and/or aResource-Oriented Architecture (ROA) to access services of the presentapplication.

FIG. 14C is a block diagram of an example hardware/software architectureof a M2M network node 30, such as an M2M device 18, an M2M gateway 14,an M2M server, or the like. The node 30 can execute or include logicalentities such as SCS/AS 602, SCEF 404, PCRF 402, PCEF 502, RCAF 504, HSS304, GMLC 302, AAA Server 312, MME 306, SGSN 308, RAN 604 and UE 202 andlogical entities to produce the user interfaces such as interfaces 1202and 1302. The device 30 can be part of an M2M network as shown in FIG.14A-B or part of a non-M2M network. As shown in FIG. 14C, the M2M node30 may include a processor 32, non-removable memory 44, removable memory46, a speaker/microphone 38, a keypad 40, a display, touchpad, and/orindicators 42, a power source 48, a global positioning system (GPS)chipset 50, and other peripherals 52. The node 30 may also includecommunication circuitry, such as a transceiver 34 and a transmit/receiveelement 36. It will be appreciated that the M2M node 30 may include anysub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistentwith an embodiment. This node may be a node that implements the SMSFfunctionality described herein.

The processor 32 may be a general purpose processor, a special purposeprocessor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), aplurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in associationwith a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application SpecificIntegrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGAs)circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine,and the like. In general, the processor 32 may executecomputer-executable instructions stored in the memory (e.g., memory 44and/or memory 46) of the node in order to perform the various requiredfunctions of the node. For example, the processor 32 may perform signalcoding, data processing, power control, input/output processing, and/orany other functionality that enables the M2M node 30 to operate in awireless or wired environment. The processor 32 may runapplication-layer programs (e.g., browsers) and/or radio access-layer(RAN) programs and/or other communications programs. The processor 32may also perform security operations such as authentication, securitykey agreement, and/or cryptographic operations, such as at theaccess-layer and/or application layer for example.

As shown in FIG. 14C, the processor 32 is coupled to its communicationcircuitry (e.g., transceiver 34 and transmit/receive element 36). Theprocessor 32, through the execution of computer executable instructions,may control the communication circuitry in order to cause the node 30 tocommunicate with other nodes via the network to which it is connected.In particular, the processor 32 may control the communication circuitryin order to perform the transmitting and receiving steps describedherein and in the claims. While FIG. 14C depicts the processor 32 andthe transceiver 34 as separate components, it will be appreciated thatthe processor 32 and the transceiver 34 may be integrated together in anelectronic package or chip.

The transmit/receive element 36 may be configured to transmit signalsto, or receive signals from, other M2M nodes, including M2M servers,gateways, device, and the like. For example, in an embodiment, thetransmit/receive element 36 may be an antenna configured to transmitand/or receive RF signals. The transmit/receive element 36 may supportvarious networks and air interfaces, such as WLAN, WPAN, cellular, andthe like. In an embodiment, the transmit/receive element 36 may be anemitter/detector configured to transmit and/or receive IR, UV, orvisible light signals, for example. In yet another embodiment, thetransmit/receive element 36 may be configured to transmit and receiveboth RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that thetransmit/receive element 36 may be configured to transmit and/or receiveany combination of wireless or wired signals.

In addition, although the transmit/receive element 36 is depicted inFIG. 14C as a single element, the M2M node 30 may include any number oftransmit/receive elements 36. More specifically, the M2M node 30 mayemploy MIMO technology. Thus, in an embodiment, the M2M node 30 mayinclude two or more transmit/receive elements 36 (e.g., multipleantennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals.

The transceiver 34 may be configured to modulate the signals that are tobe transmitted by the transmit/receive element 36 and to demodulate thesignals that are received by the transmit/receive element 36. As notedabove, the M2M node 30 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, thetransceiver 34 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the M2Mnode 30 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as UTRA and IEEE 802.11,for example.

The processor 32 may access information from, and store data in, anytype of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 44 and/or theremovable memory 46. For example, the processor 32 may store sessioncontext in its memory, as described above. The non-removable memory 44may include random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a harddisk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory46 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick,a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments,the processor 32 may access information from, and store data in, memorythat is not physically located on the M2M node 30, such as on a serveror a home computer. The processor 32 may be configured to controllighting patterns, images, or colors on the display or indicators 42 toreflect the status of an M2M service layer session migration or sharingor to obtain input from a user or display information to a user aboutthe node's session migration or sharing capabilities or settings. Inanother example, the display may show information with regard to asession state. The current disclosure defines a RESTful user/applicationAPI in the oneM2M embodiment. A graphical user interface, which may beshown on the display, may be layered on top of the API to allow a userto interactively establish and manage an E2E session, or the migrationor sharing thereof, via the underlying service layer sessionfunctionality described herein.

The processor 32 may receive power from the power source 48, and may beconfigured to distribute and/or control the power to the othercomponents in the M2M node 30. The power source 48 may be any suitabledevice for powering the M2M node 30. For example, the power source 48may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd),nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion),etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

The processor 32 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 50, which isconfigured to provide location information (e.g., longitude andlatitude) regarding the current location of the M2M node 30. It will beappreciated that the M2M node 30 may acquire location information by wayof any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistentwith an embodiment.

The processor 32 may further be coupled to other peripherals 52, whichmay include one or more software and/or hardware modules that provideadditional features, functionality and/or wired or wirelessconnectivity. For example, the peripherals 52 may include varioussensors such as an accelerometer, biometrics (e.g., figure print)sensors, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (forphotographs or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port or otherinterconnect interfaces, a vibration device, a television transceiver, ahands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM)radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game playermodule, an Internet browser, and the like.

The node 30 may be embodied in other apparatuses or devices, such as asensor, consumer electronics, a wearable device such as a smart watch orsmart clothing, a medical or eHealth device, a robot, industrialequipment, a drone, a vehicle such as a car, truck, train, or airplane.The node 30 may connect to other components, modules, or systems of suchapparatuses or devices via one or more interconnect interfaces, such asan interconnect interface that may comprise one of the peripherals 52.lAlternately, the node 30 may comprise apparatuses or devices, such as asensor, consumer electronics, a wearable device such as a smart watch orsmart clothing, a medical or eHealth device, a robot, industrialequipment, a drone, a vehicle such as a car, truck, train, or airplane.

FIG. 14D is a block diagram of an exemplary computing system 90 whichmay also be used to implement one or more nodes of an M2M network, suchas an M2M server, gateway, device, or other node. Computing system 90may comprise a computer or server and may be controlled primarily bycomputer readable instructions, which may be in the form of software,wherever, or by whatever means such software is stored or accessed.Computing system 90 can execute or include logical entities such asSCS/AS 602, SCEF 404, PCRF 402, PCEF 502, RCAF 504, HSS 304, GMLC 302,AAA Server 312, MME 306, SGSN 308, RAN 604 and UE 202 and logicalentities to produce the user interfaces such as interfaces 1202 and1302. Computing system 90 can be an M2M device, user equipment, gateway,UE/GW or any other nodes including nodes of the mobile care network,service layer network application provider, terminal device 18 or an M2Mgateway device 14 for example. Such computer readable instructions maybe executed within a processor, such as central processing unit (CPU)91, to cause computing system 90 to do work. In many known workstations,servers, and personal computers, central processing unit 91 isimplemented by a single-chip CPU called a microprocessor. In othermachines, the central processing unit 91 may comprise multipleprocessors. Coprocessor 81 is an optional processor, distinct from mainCPU 91, that performs additional functions or assists CPU 91. CPU 91and/or coprocessor 81 may receive, generate, and process data related tothe disclosed systems and methods for E2E M2M service layer sessions,such as receiving session credentials or authenticating based on sessioncredentials.

In operation, CPU 91 fetches, decodes, and executes instructions, andtransfers information to and from other resources via the computer'smain data-transfer path, system bus 80. Such a system bus connects thecomponents in computing system 90 and defines the medium for dataexchange. System bus 80 typically includes data lines for sending data,address lines for sending addresses, and control lines for sendinginterrupts and for operating the system bus. An example of such a systembus 80 is the PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) bus.

Memories coupled to system bus 80 include random access memory (RAM) 82and read only memory (ROM) 93. Such memories include circuitry thatallows information to be stored and retrieved. ROMs 93 generally containstored data that cannot easily be modified. Data stored in RAM 82 can beread or changed by CPU 91 or other hardware devices. Access to RAM 82and/or ROM 93 may be controlled by memory controller 92. Memorycontroller 92 may provide an address translation function thattranslates virtual addresses into physical addresses as instructions areexecuted. Memory controller 92 may also provide a memory protectionfunction that isolates processes within the system and isolates systemprocesses from user processes. Thus, a program running in a first modecan access only memory mapped by its own process virtual address space;it cannot access memory within another process's virtual address spaceunless memory sharing between the processes has been set up.

In addition, computing system 90 may contain peripherals controller 83responsible for communicating instructions from CPU 91 to peripherals,such as printer 94, keyboard 84, mouse 95, and disk drive 85.

Display 86, which is controlled by display controller 96, is used todisplay visual output generated by computing system 90. Such visualoutput may include text, graphics, animated graphics, and video. Display86 may be implemented with a CRT-based video display, an LCD-basedflat-panel display, gas plasma-based flat-panel display, or atouch-panel. Display controller 96 includes electronic componentsrequired to generate a video signal that is sent to display 86.

Further, computing system 90 may contain communication circuitry, suchas for example a network adaptor 97, that may be used to connectcomputing system 90 to an external communications network, such asnetwork 12 of FIG. 14A and FIG. 14B, to enable the computing system 90to communicate with other nodes of the network.

User equipment (UE) can be any device used by an end-user tocommunicate. It can be a hand-held telephone, a laptop computer equippedwith a mobile broadband adapter, or any other device. For example, theUE can be implemented as the M2M terminal device 18 of FIGS. 14A-B orthe device 30 of FIG. 14C.

It is understood that any or all of the systems, methods, and processesdescribed herein may be embodied in the form of computer executableinstructions (i.e., program code) stored on a computer-readable storagemedium which instructions, when executed by a machine, such as a node ofan M2M network, including for example an M2M server, gateway, device orthe like, perform and/or implement the systems, methods and processesdescribed herein. Specifically, any of the steps, operations orfunctions described above, including the operations of the gateway, UE,UE/GW, or any of the nodes of the mobile core network, service layer ornetwork application provider, may be implemented in the form of suchcomputer executable instructions. Logical entities such as SCS/AS 602,SCEF 404, PCRF 402, PCEF 502, RCAF 504, HSS 304, GMLC 302, AAA Server312, MME 306, SGSN 308, RAN 604 and UE 202 and logical entities toproduce the user interfaces such as interfaces 1202 and 1302 may beembodied in the form of the computer executable instructions stored on acomputer-readable storage medium. Computer readable storage mediainclude both volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable mediaimplemented in any non-transitory (i.e., tangible or physical) method ortechnology for storage of information, but such computer readablestorage media do not includes signals. Computer readable storage mediainclude, but are not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or othermemory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or otheroptical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic diskstorage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other tangible orphysical medium which can be used to store the desired information andwhich can be accessed by a computer.

In describing preferred embodiments of the subject matter of the presentdisclosure, as illustrated in the Figures, specific terminology isemployed for the sake of clarity. The claimed subject matter, however,is not intended to be limited to the specific terminology so selected,and it is to be understood that each specific element includes alltechnical equivalents that operate in a similar manner to accomplish asimilar purpose.

This written description uses examples to disclose the invention,including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in theart to practice the invention, including making and using any devices orsystems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope ofthe invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examplesthat occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intendedto be within the scope of the claims if they have elements that do notdiffer from the literal language of the claims, or if they includeequivalent elements with insubstantial differences from the literallanguage of the claims.

What is claimed:
 1. An apparatus comprising a processor and a memory,the apparatus further including computer-executable instructions storedin the memory of the apparatus which, when executed by the processor ofthe node, cause the apparatus to: receive a location context requestfrom a server; obtain location context information from a core networknode; and provide a location context to the server.
 2. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the location context includes location information ofuser equipment (UE)
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the locationcontext includes congestion information.
 4. The apparatus of claim 3,wherein the congestion information is user plane congestion information.5. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the congestion information iscontrol plane congestion information.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the location context includes information about available RadioAccess Technologies (RATs).
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein thecore network node is a Gateway Mobile Location Center (GMLC).
 8. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the core network node is a Home SubscriberServer (HSS).
 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the core network nodeis a Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF).
 10. The apparatus ofclaim 9, wherein the Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) obtainsthe location context information from a Policy and Charging EnforcementFunction (PCEF).
 11. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the Policy andCharging Rules Function (PCRF) obtains the location context informationfrom a Radio Access Network (RAN) Congestion Awareness Function (RCAF).12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the core network node is a Policyand Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF).
 13. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the core network node is a Radio Access Network (RAN) CongestionAwareness Function (RCAF).
 14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein thecore network node is a Mobility Management Entity (MME).
 15. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the core network node is a Serving GPRSSupport Node (SGSN).
 16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the corenetwork node is a 3GPP Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting(AAA) Server.
 17. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein, the apparatus is aService Capability Exposure Function (SCEF).
 18. A method for use by anapparatus wherein the apparatus comprises a processor and memory, andwherein the apparatus further includes computer-executable instructionsstored in the memory which, when executed by the processor, performfunctions of a method comprising: receiving a location context requestfrom a server; obtaining location context information from a corenetwork node; and providing a location context to the server.
 19. Themethod of claim 18 wherein, the apparatus is a Service CapabilityExposure Function (SCEF).
 20. An apparatus comprising a processor and amemory, the apparatus further including computer-executable instructionsstored in the memory of the apparatus which, when executed by theprocessor of the node, cause the apparatus to: receive a group messagedelivery request from a server; obtain location context information froma core network node; and using the location context information todetermine how to deliver the group message.
 21. The apparatus of claim20, wherein the location context includes the UE's location, availableRATs, or congestion information.
 22. The apparatus of claim 20 wherein,the apparatus is a Service Capability Exposure Function (SCEF).